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Let S be a double occurrence word, and let M_S be the words interlacement matrix, regarded as a matrix over GF(2). Gauss addressed the question of which double occurrence words are realizable by generic closed curves in the plane. We reformulate answers given by Rosenstiehl and by de Fraysseix and Ossona de Mendez to give new graph-theoretic and algebraic characterizations of realizable words. Our algebraic characterization is especially pleasing: S is realizable if and only if there exists a diagonal matrix D_S such that M_S+D_S is idempotent over GF(2).
A double occurrence word (DOW) is a word in which every symbol appears exactly twice; two DOWs are equivalent if one is a symbol-to-symbol image of the other. We consider the so called repeat pattern ($alphaalpha$) and the return pattern ($alphaalpha
In this paper, we investigate statistics on alternating words under correspondence between ``possible reflection paths within several layers of glass and ``alternating words. For $v=(v_1,v_2,cdots,v_n)inmathbb{Z}^{n}$, we say $P$ is a path within $n$
A universal word for a finite alphabet $A$ and some integer $ngeq 1$ is a word over $A$ such that every word in $A^n$ appears exactly once as a subword (cyclically or linearly). It is well-known and easy to prove that universal words exist for any $A
We show that, in an alphabet of $n$ symbols, the number of words of length $n$ whose number of different symbols is away from $(1-1/e)n$, which is the value expected by the Poisson distribution, has exponential decay in $n$. We use Laplaces method fo
Stankova and West showed that for any non-negative integer $s$ and any permutation $gamma$ of ${4,5,dots,s+3}$ there are as many permutations that avoid $231gamma$ as there are that avoid $312gamma$. We extend this result to the setting of words.