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We show that, in an alphabet of $n$ symbols, the number of words of length $n$ whose number of different symbols is away from $(1-1/e)n$, which is the value expected by the Poisson distribution, has exponential decay in $n$. We use Laplaces method for sums and known bounds of Stirling numbers of the second kind. We express our result in terms of inequalities.
Let $G_{1}$ and $G_{2}$ be disjoint copies of a graph $G$, and let $g:V(G_{1})rightarrow V(G_{2})$ be a function. A functigraph $F_{G}$ consists of the vertex set $V(G_{1})cup V(G_{2})$ and the edge set $E(G_{1})cup E(G_{2})cup {uv:g(u)=v}$. In this
The fixing number of a graph $G$ is the smallest cardinality of a set of vertices $Fsubseteq V(G)$ such that only the trivial automorphism of $G$ fixes every vertex in $F$. Let $Pi$ $=$ ${F_1,F_2,ldots,F_k}$ be an ordered $k$-partition of $V(G)$. The
In this paper, we give bounds on the dichromatic number $vec{chi}(Sigma)$ of a surface $Sigma$, which is the maximum dichromatic number of an oriented graph embeddable on $Sigma$. We determine the asymptotic behaviour of $vec{chi}(Sigma)$ by showing
We determine the asymptotic behaviour of the chromatic number of exchangeable random graphs defined by step-regulated graphons. Furthermore, we show that the upper bound holds for a general graphon. We also extend these results to sparse random graphs obtained by percolations on graphons.
The number of planar Eulerian maps with n edges is well-known to have a simple expression. But what is the number of planar Eulerian orientations with n edges? This problem appears to be difficult. To approach it, we define and count families of subs