Chemical mixing in low mass stars: I. Rotation against atomic diffusion including radiative accelerations

When modelling stars with masses larger than 1.2Msun with no observed chemical peculiarity, atomic diffusion is often neglected because, on its own, it causes unrealistic surface abundances compared with those observed. The reality is that atomic diffusion is in competition with other transport processes. The purpose of this study is to quantify the opposite or conjugated effects of atomic diffusion and rotationally induced mixing in stellar models of low mass stars. Our second goal is to estimate the impact of neglecting both rotational mixing and atomic diffusion in stellar parameter inferences for stars with masses larger than 1.3Msun. Using the AIMS code, we infer the masses and ages of a set of representative artificial stars for which models were computed with the CESTAM evolution code, taking into account rotationally induced mixing and atomic diffusion, including radiative accelerations. We show that for masses lower than 1.3Msun, rotation dominates the transport of chemical elements, and strongly reduces the effect of atomic diffusion, with net surface abundance modifications similar to solar ones. At larger mass, atomic diffusion and rotation are competing equally. Above 1.44Msun, atomic diffusion dominates in stellar models with initial rotation smaller than 80km.s-1 producing a chemical peculiarity which is not observed in Kepler-legacy stars. This indicates that a transport process of chemical elements is missing. Importantly, neglecting rotation and atomic diffusion (including radiative accelerations) in the models, when inferring the parameters of F-type stars, may lead to errors of 5%, 2.5% and 25% respectively for stellar masses, radii and ages. Atomic diffusion (including radiative accelerations) and rotational mixing should be taken into account in stellar models in order to determine accurate stellar parameters.