تأثيرات Sunyaev-Zeldovich الحرارية والحركية (tSZ، kSZ) تحقق من خصائص الحرارة لوسائط المجموعات والمجموعات الشعاعية (CGM و ICM) للمجرات، والمجموعات، والمجموعات، لأنها معقولة على النحو المتوازي، على التوالي، للضغط الإلكتروني المكدس والحركة على طول المسار. نقدم قيودا على خصائص الحرارة للغاز CMASS في مسح باريون الصوتي التفاعلي (BOSS) باستخدام قياسات جديدة لإشارات kSZ و tSZ التي تم الحصول عليها في ورقة رفيقة. من خلال دمج قياسات kSZ و tSZ، نحصل على ضمان ضمن نموذجنا للإشعاع الطاقة $ epsilon M_star c ^ 2 $، حيث $ M_star $ هو الكتلة النجمية، ليكون $ epsilon = (40pm9) times10 ^ {-6} $، ومعدل الضغط الغير حراري الملف الشخصي ليكون $ alpha_ {rm Nth} <0.2 $ (2 $ sigma $)، مما يشير إلى أن أقل من 20٪ من الضغط الكلي داخل النصف قطر الفيريال يسبب بمكون غير حراري. نحن نقدر تأثيرات تضمين الباريونات في تحليل تعارض الضوء الضعيف للمجرات باستخدام الملف الشخصي الأفضل الذي تم الحصول عليه من قياس kSZ. يقلل تقديرنا فارق النموذج النظري الأصلي وتعارض الضوء الضعيف للمجرات الذي تم الحصول عليه في arXiv: 1611.08606 بنصف، ولكن لا يقوم بإعادة توحيدها كليا. مقارنة قياسات kSZ و tSZ مع المحاكاة الكونية، نجد أنها تحت التنبؤ بالضغط الشعاعي وبشكل أقل في الكثافة الشعاعية في الأقطار الأكبر. يشير هذا إلى أن الطاقة التي تم إشعاعها من خلال نماذج الانقاذ في المحاكاة التي تم مقارنتها ضدها لا تحرق الغاز بشكل كاف في هذه الأقطار. لا نجد خلافا كبيرا في الأقطار الأصغر. هذه القياسات توفر اختبارات جديدة للمحاكاة الحالية والمستقبلية. يوضح هذا العمل قوة التوصيل المشترك، kSZ و tSZ الإشارات العالية النسبة للإشارة للصوت، على أساس التي ستحسن الدراسات التعارضية المستقبلية.
The thermal and kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effects (tSZ, kSZ) probe the thermodynamic properties of the circumgalactic and intracluster medium (CGM and ICM) of galaxies, groups, and clusters, since they are proportional, respectively, to the integrated electron pressure and momentum along the line-of-sight. We present constraints on the gas thermodynamics of CMASS galaxies in the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) using new measurements of the kSZ and tSZ signals obtained in a companion paper. Combining kSZ and tSZ measurements, we measure within our model the amplitude of energy injection $epsilon M_star c^2$, where $M_star$ is the stellar mass, to be $epsilon=(40pm9)times10^{-6}$, and the amplitude of the non-thermal pressure profile to be $alpha_{rm Nth}<0.2$ (2$sigma$), indicating that less than 20% of the total pressure within the virial radius is due to a non-thermal component. We estimate the effects of including baryons in the modeling of weak-lensing galaxy cross-correlation measurements using the best fit density profile from the kSZ measurement. Our estimate reduces the difference between the original theoretical model and the weak-lensing galaxy cross-correlation measurements in arXiv:1611.08606 by half, but does not fully reconcile it. Comparing the kSZ and tSZ measurements to cosmological simulations, we find that they under predict the CGM pressure and to a lesser extent the CGM density at larger radii. This suggests that the energy injected via feedback models in the simulations that we compared against does not sufficiently heat the gas at these radii. We do not find significant disagreement at smaller radii. These measurements provide novel tests of current and future simulations. This work demonstrates the power of joint, high signal-to-noise kSZ and tSZ observations, upon which future cross-correlation studies will improve.
The scattering of cosmic microwave background (CMB) photons off the free-electron gas in galaxies and clusters leaves detectable imprints on high resolution CMB maps: the thermal and kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effects (tSZ and kSZ respectively). We use combined microwave maps from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) DR5 and Planck in combination with the CMASS and LOWZ galaxy catalogs from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS DR10 and DR12), to study the gas associated with these galaxy groups. Using individual reconstructed velocities, we perform a stacking analysis and reject the no-kSZ hypothesis at 6.5$sigma$, the highest significance to date. This directly translates into a measurement of the electron number density profile, and thus of the gas density profile. Despite the limited signal to noise, the measurement shows at high significance that the gas density profile is more extended than the dark matter density profile, for any reasonable baryon abundance (formally $>90sigma$ for the cosmic baryon abundance). We simultaneously measure the tSZ signal, i.e. the electron thermal pressure profile of the same CMASS objects, and reject the no-tSZ hypothesis at 10$sigma$. We combine tSZ and kSZ measurements to estimate the electron temperature to 20% precision in several aperture bins, and find it comparable to the virial temperature. In a companion paper, we analyze these measurements to constrain the gas thermodynamics and the properties of feedback inside galaxy groups. We present the corresponding LOWZ measurements in this paper, ruling out a null kSZ (tSZ) signal at 2.9 (13.9)$sigma$, and leave their interpretation to future work. Our stacking software ThumbStack is publicly available at https://github.com/EmmanuelSchaan/ThumbStack and directly applicable to future Simons Observatory and CMB-S4 data.
We present a new measurement of the kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect using data from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) and the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS). Using 600 square degrees of overlapping sky area, we evaluate the mean pairwise baryon momentum associated with the positions of 50,000 bright galaxies in the BOSS DR11 Large Scale Structure catalog. A non-zero signal arises from the large-scale motions of halos containing the sample galaxies. The data fits an analytical signal model well, with the optical depth to microwave photon scattering as a free parameter determining the overall signal amplitude. We estimate the covariance matrix of the mean pairwise momentum as a function of galaxy separation, using microwave sky simulations, jackknife evaluation, and bootstrap estimates. The most conservative simulation-based errors give signal-to-noise estimates between 3.6 and 4.1 for varying galaxy luminosity cuts. We discuss how the other error determinations can lead to higher signal-to-noise values, and consider the impact of several possible systematic errors. Estimates of the optical depth from the average thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich signal at the sample galaxy positions are broadly consistent with those obtained from the mean pairwise momentum signal.
Optimal analyses of many signals in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) require map-level extraction of individual components in the microwave sky, rather than measurements at the power spectrum level alone. To date, nearly all map-level component separation in CMB analyses has been performed exclusively using satellite data. In this paper, we implement a component separation method based on the internal linear combination (ILC) approach which we have designed to optimally account for the anisotropic noise (in the 2D Fourier domain) often found in ground-based CMB experiments. Using this method, we combine multi-frequency data from the Planck satellite and the Atacama Cosmology Telescope Polarimeter (ACTPol) to construct the first wide-area, arcminute-resolution component-separated maps (covering approximately 2100 sq. deg.) of the CMB temperature anisotropy and the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich (tSZ) effect sourced by the inverse-Compton scattering of CMB photons off hot, ionized gas. Our ILC pipeline allows for explicit deprojection of various contaminating signals, including a modified blackbody approximation of the cosmic infrared background (CIB) spectral energy distribution. The cleaned CMB maps will be a useful resource for CMB lensing reconstruction, kinematic SZ cross-correlations, and primordial non-Gaussianity studies. The tSZ maps will be used to study the pressure profiles of galaxies, groups, and clusters through cross-correlations with halo catalogs, with dust contamination controlled via CIB deprojection. The data products described in this paper are available on LAMBDA.
We present high signal-to-noise measurements (up to 12$sigma$) of the average thermal Sunyaev Zeldovich (tSZ) effect from optically selected galaxy groups and clusters and estimate their baryon content within a 2.1$^prime$ radius aperture. Sources from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) DR15 catalog overlap with 3,700 sq. deg. of sky observed by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) from 2008 to 2018 at 150 and 98 GHz (ACT DR5), and 2,089 sq. deg. of internal linear combination component-separated maps combining ACT and $it{Planck}$ data (ACT DR4). The corresponding optical depths, $bar{tau}$, which depend on the baryon content of the halos, are estimated using results from cosmological hydrodynamic simulations assuming an AGN feedback radiative cooling model. We estimate the mean mass of the halos in multiple luminosity bins, and compare the tSZ-based $bar{tau}$ estimates to theoretical predictions of the baryon content for a Navarro-Frenk-White profile. We do the same for $bar{tau}$ estimates extracted from fits to pairwise baryon momentum measurements of the kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (kSZ) for the same data set obtained in a companion paper. We find that the $bar{tau}$ estimates from the tSZ measurements in this work and the kSZ measurements in the companion paper agree within $1sigma$ for two out of the three disjoint luminosity bins studied, while they differ by 2-3$sigma$ in the highest luminosity bin. The optical depth estimates account for one third to all of the theoretically predicted baryon content in the halos across luminosity bins. Potential systematic uncertainties are discussed. The tSZ and kSZ measurements provide a step towards empirical Compton-$bar{y}$-$bar{tau}$ relationships to provide new tests of cluster formation and evolution models.
We present a 5.4$sigma$ detection of the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich (kSZ) effect using Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) and $it{Planck}$ CMB observations in combination with Luminous Red Galaxy samples from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR15 catalog. Results are obtained using three ACT CMB maps: co-added 150 GHz and 98 GHz maps, combining observations from 2008-2018 (ACT DR5), which overlap with SDSS DR15 over 3,700 sq. deg., and a component-separated map using night-time only observations from 2014-2015 (ACT DR4), overlapping with SDSS DR15 over 2,089 sq. deg. Comparisons of the results from these three maps provide consistency checks in relation to potential frequency-dependent foreground contamination. A total of 343,647 galaxies are used as tracers to identify and locate galaxy groups and clusters from which the kSZ signal is extracted using aperture photometry. We consider the impact of various aperture photometry assumptions and covariance estimation methods on the signal extraction. Theoretical predictions of the pairwise velocities are used to obtain best-fit, mass-averaged, optical depth estimates for each of five luminosity-selected tracer samples. A comparison of the kSZ-derived optical depth measurements obtained here to those derived from the thermal SZ effect for the same sample is presented in a companion paper.