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The fifth edition of the Computing Applications in Particle Physics school was held on 3-7 February 2020, at Istanbul University, Turkey. This particular edition focused on the processing of simulated data from the Large Hadron Collider collisions using an Analysis Description Language and its runtime interpreter called CutLang. 24 undergraduate and 6 graduate students were initiated to collider data analysis during the school. After 3 days of lectures and exercises, the students were grouped into teams of 3 or 4 and each team was assigned an analysis publication from ATLAS or CMS experiments. After 1.5 days of independent study, each team was able to reproduce the assigned analysis using CutLang.
This note introduces CutLang, a domain specific language that aims to provide a clear, human readable way to define analyses in high energy particle physics (HEP) along with an interpretation framework of that language. A proof of principle (PoP) implementation of the CutLang interpreter, achieved using C++ as a layer over the CERN data analysis framework ROOT, is presently available. This PoP implementation permits writing HEP analyses in an unobfuscated manner, as a set of commands in human readable text files, which are interpreted by the framework at runtime. We describe the main features of CutLang and illustrate its usage with two analysis examples. Initial experience with CutLang has shown that a just-in-time interpretation of a human readable HEP specific language is a practical alternative to analysis writing using compiled languages such as C++.
We present CutLang, an analysis description language and runtime interpreter for high energy collider physics data analyses. An analysis description language is a declerative domain specific language that can express all elements of a data analysis in an easy and unambiguous way. A full-fledged human readable analysis description language, incorporating logical and mathematical expressions, would eliminate many programming difficulties and errors, consequently allowing the scientist to focus on the goal, but not on the tool. In this paper, we discuss the guiding principles and scope of the CutLang language, implementation of the CutLang runtime interpreter and the CutLang framework, and demonstrate an example of top pair reconstruction.
The determination of the fundamental parameters of the Standard Model (and its extensions) is often limited by the presence of statistical and theoretical uncertainties. We present several models for the latter uncertainties (random, nuisance, external) in the frequentist framework, and we derive the corresponding $p$-values. In the case of the nuisance approach where theoretical uncertainties are modeled as biases, we highlight the important, but arbitrary, issue of the range of variation chosen for the bias parameters. We introduce the concept of adaptive $p$-value, which is obtained by adjusting the range of variation for the bias according to the significance considered, and which allows us to tackle metrology and exclusion tests with a single and well-defined unified tool, which exhibits interesting frequentist properties. We discuss how the determination of fundamental parameters is impacted by the model chosen for theoretical uncertainties, illustrating several issues with examples from quark flavour physics.
This book is an attempt to help students transform all of the concepts of quantum mechanics into concrete computer representations, which can be constructed, evaluated, analyzed, and hopefully understood at a deeper level than what is possible with more abstract representations. It was written for a Masters and PhD lecture given yearly at the University of Basel, Switzerland. The goal is to give a language to the student in which to speak about quantum physics in more detail, and to start the student on a path of fluency in this language. On our journey we approach questions such as: -- You already know how to calculate the energy eigenstates of a single particle in a simple one-dimensional potential. How can such calculations be generalized to non-trivial potentials, higher dimensions, and interacting particles? -- You have heard that quantum mechanics describes our everyday world just as well as classical mechanics does, but have you ever seen an example where such behavior is calculated in detail and where the transition from classical to quantum physics is evident? -- How can we describe the internal spin structure of particles? How does this internal structure couple to the particles motion? -- What are qubits and quantum circuits, and how can they be assembled to simulate a future quantum computer?
Introducing biomedical informatics (BMI) students to natural language processing (NLP) requires balancing technical depth with practical know-how to address application-focused needs. We developed a set of three activities introducing introductory BMI students to information retrieval with NLP, covering document representation strategies and language models from TF-IDF to BERT. These activities provide students with hands-on experience targeted towards common use cases, and introduce fundamental components of NLP workflows for a wide variety of applications.