Self-testing usually refers to the task of taking a given set of observed correlations that are assumed to arise via a process that is accurately described by quantum theory, and trying to infer the quantum state and measurements. In other words it is concerned with the question of whether we can tell what quantum black-box devices are doing by looking only at their input-output behaviour and is known to be possible in several cases. Here we introduce a more general question: is it possible to self-test a theory, and, in particular, quantum theory? More precisely, we ask whether within a particular causal structure there are tasks that can only be performed in theories that have the same correlations as quantum mechanics in any scenario. We present a candidate task for such a correlation self-test and analyse it in a range of generalised probabilistic theories (GPTs), showing that none of these perform better than quantum theory. A generalisation of our results showing that all non-quantum GPTs are strictly inferior to quantum mechanics for this task would point to a new way to axiomatise quantum theory, and enable an experimental test that simultaneously rules out such GPTs.
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