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Register a new userAtomNAS: Fine-Grained End-to-End Neural Architecture Search
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Jieru Mei
Publication date
2019
fields
Informatics Engineering
and research's language is
English
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Search space design is very critical to neural architecture search (NAS) algorithms. We propose a fine-grained search space comprised of atomic blocks, a minimal search unit that is much smaller than the ones used in recent NAS algorithms. This search space allows a mix of operations by composing different types of atomic blocks, while the search space in previous methods only allows homogeneous operations. Based on this search space, we propose a resource-aware architecture search framework which automatically assigns the computational resources (e.g., output channel numbers) for each operation by jointly considering the performance and the computational cost. In addition, to accelerate the search process, we propose a dynamic network shrinkage technique which prunes the atomic blocks with negligible influence on outputs on the fly. Instead of a search-and-retrain two-stage paradigm, our method simultaneously searches and trains the target architecture. Our method achieves state-of-the-art performance under several FLOPs configurations on ImageNet with a small searching cost. We open our entire codebase at: https://github.com/meijieru/AtomNAS.
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Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are becoming increasingly deeper, wider, and non-linear because of the growing demand on prediction accuracy and analysis quality. The wide and deep CNNs, however, require a large amount of computing resources and processing time. Many previous works have studied model pruning to improve inference performance, but little work has been done for effectively reducing training cost. In this paper, we propose ClickTrain: an efficient and accurate end-to-end training and pruning framework for CNNs. Different from the existing pruning-during-training work, ClickTrain provides higher model accuracy and compression ratio via fine-grained architecture-preserving pruning. By leveraging pattern-based pruning with our proposed novel accurate weight importance estimation, dynamic pattern generation and selection, and compiler-assisted computation optimizations, ClickTrain generates highly accurate and fast pruned CNN models for direct deployment without any extra time overhead, compared with the baseline training. ClickTrain also reduces the end-to-end time cost of the pruning-after-training method by up to 2.3X with comparable accuracy and compression ratio. Moreover, compared with the state-of-the-art pruning-during-training approach, ClickTrain provides significant improvements both accuracy and compression ratio on the tested CNN models and datasets, under similar limited training time.
Recently neural architecture search(NAS) has been successfully used in image classification, natural language processing, and automatic speech recognition(ASR) tasks for finding the state-of-the-art(SOTA) architectures than those human-designed architectures. NAS can derive a SOTA and data-specific architecture over validation data from a pre-defined search space with a search algorithm. Inspired by the success of NAS in ASR tasks, we propose a NAS-based ASR framework containing one search space and one differentiable search algorithm called Differentiable Architecture Search(DARTS). Our search space follows the convolution-augmented transformer(Conformer) backbone, which is a more expressive ASR architecture than those used in existing NAS-based ASR frameworks. To improve the performance of our method, a regulation method called Dynamic Search Schedule(DSS) is employed. On a widely used Mandarin benchmark AISHELL-1, our best-searched architecture outperforms the baseline Conform model significantly with about 11% CER relative improvement, and our method is proved to be pretty efficient by the search cost comparisons.
Neural Architecture Search (NAS), the process of automating architecture engineering, is an appealing next step to advancing end-to-end Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), replacing expert-designed networks with learned, task-specific architectures. In contrast to early computational-demanding NAS methods, recent gradient-based NAS methods, e.g., DARTS (Differentiable ARchiTecture Search), SNAS (Stochastic NAS) and ProxylessNAS, significantly improve the NAS efficiency. In this paper, we make two contributions. First, we rigorously develop an efficient NAS method via Straight-Through (ST) gradients, called ST-NAS. Basically, ST-NAS uses the loss from SNAS but uses ST to back-propagate gradients through discrete variables to optimize the loss, which is not revealed in ProxylessNAS. Using ST gradients to support sub-graph sampling is a core element to achieve efficient NAS beyond DARTS and SNAS. Second, we successfully apply ST-NAS to end-to-end ASR. Experiments over the widely benchmarked 80-hour WSJ and 300-hour Switchboard datasets show that the ST-NAS induced architectures significantly outperform the human-designed architecture across the two datasets. Strengths of ST-NAS such as architecture transferability and low computation cost in memory and time are also reported.
Neural architecture search (NAS) has been successfully applied to tasks like image classification and language modeling for finding efficient high-performance network architectures. In ASR field especially end-to-end ASR, the related research is still in its infancy. In this work, we focus on applying NAS on the most popular manually designed model: Conformer, and then propose an efficient ASR model searching method that benefits from the natural advantage of differentiable architecture search (Darts) in reducing computational overheads. We fuse Darts mutator and Conformer blocks to form a complete search space, within which a modified architecture called Darts-Conformer cell is found automatically. The entire searching process on AISHELL-1 dataset costs only 0.7 GPU days. Replacing the Conformer encoder by stacking searched cell, we get an end-to-end ASR model (named as Darts-Conformner) that outperforms the Conformer baseline by 4.7% on the open-source AISHELL-1 dataset. Besides, we verify the transferability of the architecture searched on a small dataset to a larger 2k-hour dataset. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first successful attempt to apply gradient-based architecture search in the attention-based encoder-decoder ASR model.
State-of-the-art deep networks are often too large to deploy on mobile devices and embedded systems. Mobile neural architecture search (NAS) methods automate the design of small models but state-of-the-art NAS methods are expensive to run. Differentiable neural architecture search (DNAS) methods reduce the search cost but explore a limited subspace of candidate architectures. In this paper, we introduce Fine-Grained Stochastic Architecture Search (FiGS), a differentiable search method that searches over a much larger set of candidate architectures. FiGS simultaneously selects and modifies operators in the search space by applying a structured sparse regularization penalty based on the Logistic-Sigmoid distribution. We show results across 3 existing search spaces, matching or outperforming the original search algorithms and producing state-of-the-art parameter-efficient models on ImageNet (e.g., 75.4% top-1 with 2.6M params). Using our architectures as backbones for object detection with SSDLite, we achieve significantly higher mAP on COCO (e.g., 25.8 with 3.0M params) than MobileNetV3 and MnasNet.
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