No Arabic abstract
We use a large dark matter simulation of a LambdaCDM model to investigate the clustering and environmental dependence of the number of substructures in a halo. Focusing on redshift z=1, we find that the halo occupation distribution is sensitive at the tens of percent level to the surrounding density and to a lesser extent to asymmetry of the surrounding density distribution. We compute the autocorrelation function of halos as a function of occupation, building on the finding of Wechsler et al. (2006) and Gao and White (2007) that halos (at fixed mass) with more substructure are more clustered. We compute the relative bias as a function of occupation number at fixed mass, finding a strong relationship. At fixed mass, halos in the top 5% of occupation can have an autocorrelation function ~ 1.5-2 times higher than the mean. We also compute the bias as a function of halo mass, for fixed halo occupation. We find that for group and cluster sized halos, when the number of subhalos is held fixed, there is a strong anticorrelation between bias and halo mass. Such a relationship represents an additional challenge to the halo model.
Within the standard paradigm, dark energy is taken as a homogeneous fluid that drives the accelerated expansion of the universe and does not contribute to the mass of collapsed objects such as galaxies and galaxy clusters. The abundance of galaxy clusters -- measured through a variety of channels -- has been extensively used to constrain the normalization of the power spectrum: it is an important probe as it allows us to test if the standard $Lambda$CDM model can indeed accurately describe the evolution of structures across billions of years. It is then quite significant that the Planck satellite has detected, via the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, less clusters than expected according to the primary CMB anisotropies. One of the simplest generalizations that could reconcile these observations is to consider models in which dark energy is allowed to cluster, i.e., allowing its sound speed to vary. In this case, however, the standard methods to compute the abundance of galaxy clusters need to be adapted to account for the contributions of dark energy. In particular, we examine the case of clustering dark energy -- a dark energy fluid with negligible sound speed -- with a redshift-dependent equation of state. We carefully study how the halo mass function is modified in this scenario, highlighting corrections that have not been considered before in the literature. We address modifications in the growth function, collapse threshold, virialization densities and also changes in the comoving scale of collapse and mass function normalization. Our results show that clustering dark energy can impact halo abundances at the level of 10%--30%, depending on the halo mass, and that cluster counts are modified by about 30% at a redshift of unity.
We study how well we can reconstruct the 2-point clustering of galaxies on linear scales, as a function of mass and luminosity, using the halo occupation distribution (HOD) in several semi-analytical models (SAMs) of galaxy formation from the Millennium Simulation. We find that HOD with Friends of Friends groups can reproduce galaxy clustering better than gravitationally bound haloes. This indicates that Friends of Friends groups are more directly related to the clustering of these regions than the bound particles of the overdensities. In general we find that the reconstruction works at best to 5% accuracy: it underestimates the bias for bright galaxies. This translates to an overestimation of 50% in the halo mass when we use clustering to calibrate mass. We also found a degeneracy on the mass prediction from the clustering amplitude that affects all the masses. This effect is due to the clustering dependence on the host halo substructure, an indication of assembly bias. We show that the clustering of haloes of a given mass increases with the number of subhaloes, a result that only depends on the underlying matter distribution. As the number of galaxies increases with the number of subhaloes in SAMs, this results in a low bias for the HOD reconstruction. We expect this effect to apply to other models of galaxy formation, including the real universe, as long as the number of galaxies incresases with the number of subhaloes. We have also found that the reconstructions of galaxy bias from the HOD model fails for low mass haloes with M = 3-5x10^11 Msun/h. We find that this is because galaxy clustering is more strongly affected by assembly bias for these low masses.
A semi-empirical model is presented that describes the distribution of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) on the cosmic web. It populates dark-matter halos in N-body simulations (MultiDark) with galaxy stellar masses using empirical relations based on abundance matching techniques, and then paints accretion events on these galaxies using state-of-the-art measurements of the AGN occupation of galaxies. The explicit assumption is that the large-scale distribution of AGN is independent of the physics of black-hole fueling. The model is shown to be consistent with current measurements of the two-point correlation function of AGN samples. It is then used to make inferences on the halo occupation of the AGN population. Mock AGN are found in halos with a broad distribution of masses with a mode of $approx 10^{12},h^{-1} , M_{odot}$ and a tail extending to cluster-size halos. The clustering properties of the model AGN depend only weakly on accretion luminosity and redshift. The fraction of satellite AGN in the model increases steeply toward more massive halos, in contrast with some recent observational results. This discrepancy, if confirmed, could point to a dependence of the halo occupation of AGN on the physics of black-hole fueling.
We measure the angular correlation function, w(theta), from 0.5 to 30 arcminutes of detected sources in two wide fields of the Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey (HerMES). Our measurements are consistent with the expected clustering shape from a population of sources that trace the dark matter density field, including non-linear clustering at arcminute angular scales arising from multiple sources that occupy the same dark matter halos. By making use of the halo model to connect the spatial clustering of sources to the dark matter halo distribution, we estimate source bias and halo occupation number for dusty sub-mm galaxies at z ~ 2. We find that sub-mm galaxies with 250 micron flux densities above 30 mJy reside in dark matter halos with mass above (5pm4) x 10^12 M_sun, while (14pm8)% of such sources appear as satellites in more massive halos.
We present a model for the structure of the particle phase space average density ($P^2SAD$) in galactic haloes, introduced recently as a novel measure of the clustering of dark matter. Our model is based on the stable clustering hypothesis in phase space, the spherical collapse model, and tidal disruption of substructures, which is calibrated against the Aquarius simulations. Using this model, we can predict the behaviour of $P^2SAD$ in the numerically unresolved regime, down to the decoupling mass limit of generic WIMP models. This prediction can be used to estimate signals sensitive to the small scale structure of dark matter. For example, the dark matter annihilation rate can be estimated for arbitrary velocity-dependent cross sections in a convenient way using a limit of $P^2SAD$ to zero separation in physical space. We illustrate our method by computing the global and local subhalo annihilation boost to that of the smooth dark matter distribution in a Milky-Way-size halo. Two cases are considered, one where the cross section is velocity independent and one that approximates Sommerfeld-enhanced models. We find that the global boost is $sim10-30$, which is at the low end of current estimates (weakening expectations of large extragalactic signals), while the boost at the solar radius is below the percent level. We make our code to compute $P^2SAD$ publicly available, which can be used to estimate various observables that probe the nanostructure of dark matter haloes.