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Register a new userDi-Electrons from Resonances in Nucleon-Nucleon Collisions
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The contribution of the low-lying nucleon resonances $P_{33}(1232)$, $P_{11}(1440)$ $D_{13}(1520)$ and $S_{11}(1535)$ to the invariant mass spectra of di-electrons stemming from the exclusive processes $ppto pp e^+e^-$ and $pnto pn e^+e^-$ is investigated within a fully covariant and gauge invariant diagrammatical approach. We employ, within the one-boson exchange approximation, effective nucleon-meson interactions including the exchange mesons $pi$, $eta$, $sigma$, $omega$ and $rho$ as well as excitations and radiative decays of the above low-lying nucleon resonances. The total contribution of these resonances is dominant, however, bremsstrahlung processes in $pp$ and, in particular, $pn$ collisions at beam energies of 1 - 2 GeV are still significant in certain phase space regions.
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We look for $DeltaDelta$ and $NDelta$ resonances by calculating $NN$ scattering phase shifts of two interacting baryon clusters of quarks with explicit coupling to these dibaryon channels. Two phenomenological nonrelativistic chiral quark models giving similar low-energy $NN$ properties are found to give significantly different dibaryon resonance structures. In the chiral quark model (ChQM), the dibaryon system does not resonate in the $NN$ $S$-waves, in agreement with the experimental SP07 $NN$ partial-wave scattering amplitudes. In the quark delocalization and color screening model (QDCSM), the $S$-wave NN resonances disappear when the nucleon size $b$ falls below 0.53 fm. Both quark models give an $IJ^P = 03^+$ $DeltaDelta$ resonance. At $b=0.52 $fm, the value favored by baryon spectrum, the resonance mass is 2390 (2420) MeV for the ChQM with quadratic (linear) confinement, and 2360 MeV for the QDCSM. Accessible from the $^3D_3^{NN}$ channel, this resonance is a promising candidate for the known isoscalar ABC structure seen more clearly in the $pn$$to $$dpipi$ production cross section at 2410 MeV in the recent preliminary data reported by the CELSIUS-WASA Collaboration. In the isovector dibaryon sector, our quark models give a bound or almost bound $^5S_2^{DeltaDelta}$ state that can give rise to a $^1D_2^{NN}$ resonance. None of the quark models used has bound $NDelta$ $P$-states that might generate odd-parity resonances.
We combine the coupled-cluster method and the Lorentz integral transform for the computation of inelastic reactions into the continuum. We show that the bound-state-like equation characterizing the Lorentz integral transform method can be reformulated based on extensions of the coupled-cluster equation-of-motion method, and we discuss strategies for viable numerical solutions. Starting from a chiral nucleon-nucleon interaction at next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order, we compute the giant dipole resonances of 4He, 16,22O and 40Ca, truncating the coupled-cluster equation-of-motion method at the two-particle-two-hole excitation level. Within this scheme, we find a low-lying E1 strength in the neutron-rich 22O nucleus, which compares fairly well with data from [Leistenschneider et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5442 (2001)]. We also compute the electric dipole polariziability in 40Ca. Deficiencies of the employed Hamiltonian lead to overbinding, too small charge radii and a too small electric dipole polarizability in 40Ca.
Recent progress on the extraction of electromagnetic properties of nucleon resonance excitation through pion photo- and electroproduction is reviewed. Cross section data measured at MAMI, ELSA, and CEBAF are analyzed and compared to the analysis of other groups. On this basis, we derive longitudinal and transverse transition form factors for most of the four-star nucleon resonances. Furthermore, we discuss how the transition form factors can be used to obtain empirical transverse charge densities. Contour plots of the thus derived densities are shown for the Delta, Roper, S11, and D13 nucleon resonances.
The reaction $ pp to pp eta to pp gamma e^+ e^-$ is discussed within a covariant effective meson-nucleon theory. The model is adjusted to data of the subreaction $pp to pp eta$. Our focus is on di-electrons from Dalitz decays of $eta$ mesons, $etato gamma gamma^* togamma e^+e^-$, and the role of the corresponding transition form factor $F_{eta gamma gamma^*}$. Numerical results are presented for the intermediate energy kinematics of HADES experiments.
The production of $eta$ mesons in the reactions $ppto ppeta$ and $pnto pneta $ at threshold-near energies is analyzed within a covariant effective meson-nucleon theory. The description of cross section and angular distributions of the available data in this kinematical region in the $pp$ channel is accomplished by including meson currents and nucleon currents with the resonances $S_{11}(1650)$, $P_{11}(1710)$ and $P_{13}(1720)$. Predictions for the $pn$ channel are given. The di-electron production from subsequent $eta$ Dalitz decay $eta to gamma gamma^* togamma e^+e^-$ is also calculated and numerical results are presented for intermediate energy and kinematics of possible experiments with HADES, CLAS and KEK-PS.
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