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Register a new userHydrodynamic Models for Heavy-Ion Collisions, and beyond
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A. Dumitru
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A generic property of a first-order phase transition in equilibrium, and in the limit of large entropy per unit of conserved charge, is the smallness of the isentropic speed of sound in the ``mixed phase. A specific prediction is that this should lead to a non-isotropic momentum distribution of nucleons in the reaction plane (for energies around 40 AGeV in our model calculation). On the other hand, we show that from present effective theories for low-energy QCD one does not expect the thermal transition rate between various states of the effective potential to be much larger than the expansion rate, questioning the applicability of the idealized Maxwell/Gibbs construction. Experimental data could soon provide essential information on the dynamics of the phase transition.
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We use a nonlinear response formalism to describe the event plane correlations measured by the ATLAS collaboration. With one exception ($leftlangle cos(2Psi_2 - 6Psi_3 + 4 Psi_4) rightrangle$), the event plane correlations are qualitatively reproduced by considering the linear and quadratic response to the lowest cumulants. For the lowest harmonics such as $leftlangle cos(2Psi_2+3Psi_3 - 5Psi_5) rightrangle$, the correlations are quantitatively reproduced, even when the naive Glauber model prediction has the wrong sign relative to experiment. The quantitative agreement for the higher plane correlations (especially those involving $Psi_6$) is not as good. The centrality dependence of the correlations is naturally explained as an average of the linear and quadratic response.
Current status of dynamical modeling of relativistic heavy ion collisions and hydrodynamic description of the quark gluon plasma is reported. We find the hadronic rescattering effect plays an important role in interpretation of mass splitting pattern in the differential elliptic flow data observed at RHIC. To demonstrate this, we predict the elliptic flow parameter for phi mesons to directly observe the flow just after hadronisation. We also discuss recent applications of outputs from hydrodynamic calculations to J/psi suppression, thermal photon radiation and heavy quark diffusion.
We present a fully three-dimensional model providing initial conditions for energy and conserved charge density distributions in heavy ion collisions at RHIC Beam Energy Scan (BES) collision energies. The model includes the dynamical deceleration of participating nucleons or valence quarks. It provides a realistic estimation of the initial baryon stopping during the early stage of collisions. We also present the implementation of the model with 3+1 dimensional hydrodynamics, which involves the addition of source terms that deposit energy and net-baryon densities produced by the initial state model at proper times greater than the initial time for the hydrodynamic simulation. The importance of this dynamical initialization stage on hadronic flow observables at the RHIC BES is quantified.
We present a concise review of the recent development of relativistic hydrodynamics and its applications to heavy-ion collisions. Theoretical progress on the extended formulation of hydrodynamics towards out-of-equilibrium systems is addressed, emphasizing the so-called attractor solution. On the other hand, recent phenomenological improvements in the hydrodynamic modeling of heavy-ion collisions with respect to the ongoing Beam Energy Scan program, the quantitative characterization of transport coefficients in the three-dimensionally expanding quark-gluon plasma, the fluid description of small colliding systems, and some other interdisciplinary connections are discussed.
We review the results from the various hydrodynamical and transport models on the collective flow observables from AGS to RHIC energies. A critical discussion of the present status of the CERN experiments on hadron collective flow is given. We emphasize the importance of the flow excitation function from 1 to 50 A$cdot$GeV: here the hydrodynamic model has predicted the collapse of the $v_1$-flow and of the $v_2$-flow at $sim 10$ A$cdot$GeV; at 40 A$cdot$GeV it has been recently observed by the NA49 collaboration. Since hadronic rescattering models predict much larger flow than observed at this energy we interpret this observation as evidence for a first order phase transition at high baryon density $rho_B$. Moreover, the connection of the elliptic flow $v_2$ to jet suppression is examined. It is proven experimentally that the collective flow is not faked by minijet fragmentation. Additionally, detailed transport studies show that the away-side jet suppression can only partially ($<$ 50%) be due to hadronic rescattering. Furthermore, the change in sign of $v_1, v_2$ closer to beam rapidity is related to the occurence of a high density first order phase transition in the RHIC data at 62.5, 130 and 200 A$cdot$GeV.
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