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Valuable data on quarkonia (the bound states of a heavy quark Q=c,b and the corresponding antiquark) have recently been provided by a variety of sources, mainly e+ e- collisions, but also hadronic interactions. This permits a thorough updating of the experimental and theoretical status of electromagnetic and strong transitions in quarkonia. We discuss QQbar transitions to other QQbar states, with some reference to processes involving QQbar annihilation.
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I review recent applications of the open quantum system framework in the understanding of quarkonium suppression in heavy-ion collisions, which has been used as a probe of the quark-gluon plasma for decades. The derivation of the Lindblad equations for quarkonium in both the quantum Brownian motion and the quantum optical limits and their semiclassical counterparts is explained. The hierarchy of time scales assumed in the derivation is justified from the separation of energy scales in nonrelativistic effective field theories of QCD. Physical implications of the open quantum system approach are also discussed. Finally, I list some open questions for future studies.
Correlations between the QCD coupling alpha_s, the gluon condensate < alpha_s G^2 >, and the c,b-quark running masses m_c,b in the MS-scheme are explicitly studied (for the first time) from the (axial-)vector and (pseudo)scalar charmonium and bottomium ratios of Laplace sum rules (LSR) evaluated at the mu-subtraction stability point where PT @N2LO, N3LO and < alpha_s G^2> @NLO corrections are included. Our results clarify the (apparent) discrepancies between different estimates of < alpha_s G^2> from J/psi sum rule but also shows the sensitivity of the sum rules on the choice of the mu-subtraction scale which does not permit a high-precision estimate of m_c,b. We obtain from the (axial-)vector [resp. (pseudo)scalar] channels <alpha_s G^2>=(8.5+- 3.0)> [resp. (6.34+-.39)] 10^-2 GeV^4, m_c(m_c)= 1256(30) [resp. 1266(16)] MeV and m_b(m_b)=4192(15) MeV. Combined with our recent determinations from vector channel, one obtains the average: m_c(m_c)= 1263(14) MeV and m_b(m_b) 4184(11) MeV. Adding our value of the gluon condensate with different previous estimates, we obtain the new sum rule average: <alpha_s G^2>=(6.35+- 0.35) 10^-2 GeV^4. The mass-splittings M_chi_0c(0b)-M_eta_c(b) give @N2LO: alpha_s(M_Z)=0.1183(19)(3) in good agreement with the world average (see more detailed discussions in the section: addendum). .
We calculate the annihilation decay rates of the $^3D_2(2^{--})$ and $^3D_3(3^{--})$ charmonia and bottomonia by using the instantaneous Bethe-Salpeter method. The wave functions of states with quantum numbers $J^{PC}=2^{--}$ and $3^{--}$ are constructed. By solving the corresponding instantaneous Bethe-Salpeter equations, we obtain the mass spectra and wave functions of the quarkonia. The annihilation amplitude is written within Mandelstam formalism and the relativistic corrections are taken into account properly. This is important, especially for high excited states, since their relativistic corrections are large. The results for the $3g$ channel are as follows: $Gamma_{^3D_2(cbar c)rightarrow ggg} = 9.24$ keV, $Gamma_{^3D_3(cbar c)rightarrow ggg}=25.0$ keV, $Gamma_{^3D_2(bbar b)rightarrow ggg}= 1.87$ keV, and $Gamma_{^3D_3(bbar b)rightarrow ggg}= 0.815$ keV.
After an introduction motivating the study of quarkonium production, we review the recent developments in the phenomenology of quarkonium production in inclusive scatterings of hadrons and leptons. We naturally address data and predictions relevant for the LHC, the Tevatron, RHIC, HERA, LEP, B factories and EIC. An up-to-date discussion of the contributions from feed downs within the charmonium and bottomonium families as well as from b hadrons to charmonia is also provided. This contextualises an exhaustive overview of new observables such as the associated production along with a Standard Model boson (photon, W and Z), with another quarkonium, with another heavy quark as well as with light hadrons or jets. We address the relevance of these reactions in order to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying quarkonium production as well as the physics of multi-parton interactions, in particular the double parton scatterings. An outlook towards future studies and facilities concludes this review.
We give a short and basic introduction to our covariant Dyson-Schwinger-Bethe-Salpeter-equation approach using a rainbow-ladder truncated model of QCD, in which we investigate the leptonic decay properties of heavy quarkonium states in the pseudoscalar and vector channels. Comparing the magnitudes of decay constants, we identify radial 1-- excitations in our calculation with experimental excitations of J/Psi and Upsilon. Particular attention is paid to those states regarded as D-wave states in the quark model. We predict e+e- decay width of the Upsilon(1^3D_1) and Upsilon(2^3D_1) states of the order of ca. 15 eV or more. We also provide a set of predictions for decay constants of pseudoscalar radial excitations in heavy quarkonia.
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