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Register a new userNo supernovae detected in two long-duration Gamma-Ray Bursts
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Authors
D. Watson
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There is strong evidence that long duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are produced during the collapse of a massive star. In the standard version of the Collapsar model, a broad-lined and luminous Type Ic core-collapse supernova (SN) accompanies the GRB. This association has been confirmed in observations of several nearby GRBs. Recent observations show that some long duration GRBs are different. No SN emission accompanied the long duration GRBs 060505 and 060614 down to limits fainter than any known Type Ic SN and hundreds of times fainter than the archetypal SN1998bw that accompanied GRB980425. Multi-band observations of the early afterglows, as well as spectroscopy of the host galaxies, exclude the possibility of significant dust obscuration. Furthermore, the bursts originated in star-forming galaxies, and in the case of GRBs060505 the burst was localised to a compact star-forming knot in a spiral arm of its host galaxy. We find that the properties of the host galaxies, the long duration of the bursts and, in the case of GRB060505 the location of the burst within its host, all imply a massive stellar origin. The absence of a SN to such deep limits therefore suggests a new phenomenological type of massive stellar death.
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It is now accepted that long duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are produced during the collapse of a massive star. The standard collapsar model predicts that a broad-lined and luminous Type Ic core-collapse supernova (SN) accompanies every long-duration GRB. This association has been confirmed in observations of several nearby GRBs. Here we present observations of two nearby long-duration GRBs that challenge this simple view. In the GRBs 060505 and 060614 we demonstrate that no SN emission accompanied these long-duration bursts, down to limits hundreds of times fainter than the archetypal SN 1998bw that accompanied GRB 980425, and fainter than any Type Ic SN ever observed. Multi-band observations of the early afterglows, as well as spectroscopy of the host galaxies, exclude the possibility of significant dust obscuration and show that the bursts originated in star-forming regions. The absence of a SN to such deep limits is qualitatively different from all previous nearby long GRBs and suggests a new phenomenological type of massive stellar death. From the supplementary material: Now we have observed SN-less GRBs in star-forming regions, suggesting that a non-detection of a SN does not preclude a massive progenitor. The position of the GRB, i.e. in a star-forming region or in an older component, may be the only way to discriminate between merging compact objects and massive stars as progenitors. In fact, several host galaxies for short GRBs have been found to be as actively star-forming as some host galaxies of long-duration GRBs. The GRB labels long and short have become synonymous with massive stars and other progenitors. These distinctions may need to be relaxed.
Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs) are the signatures of extraordinarily high-energy events occurring in our universe. Since their discovery, we have determined that these events are produced during the core-collapse deaths of rare young massive stars. The host galaxies of LGRBs are an excellent means of probing the environments and populations that produce their unusual progenitors. In addition, these same young stellar progenitors makes LGRBs and their host galaxies valuable potentially powerful tracers of star formation and metallicity at high redshifts. However, properly utilizing LGRBs as probes of the early universe requires a thorough understanding of their formation and the host environments that they sample. This review looks back at some of the recent work on LGRB host galaxies that has advanced our understanding of these events and their cosmological applications, and considers the many new questions that we are poised to pursue in the coming years.
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) display a bimodal duration distribution, with a separation between the short- and long-duration bursts at about 2 sec. The progenitors of long GRBs have been identified as massive stars based on their association with Type Ic core-collapse supernovae, their exclusive location in star-forming galaxies, and their strong correlation with bright ultraviolet regions within their host galaxies. Short GRBs have long been suspected on theoretical grounds to arise from compact object binary mergers (NS-NS or NS-BH). The discovery of short GRB afterglows in 2005, provided the first insight into their energy scale and environments, established a cosmological origin, a mix of host galaxy types, and an absence of associated supernovae. In this review I summarize nearly a decade of short GRB afterglow and host galaxy observations, and use this information to shed light on the nature and properties of their progenitors, the energy scale and collimation of the relativistic outflow, and the properties of the circumburst environments. The preponderance of the evidence points to compact object binary progenitors, although some open questions remain. Based on this association, observations of short GRBs and their afterglows can shed light on the on- and off-axis electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational wave sources from the Advanced LIGO/Virgo experiments.
For a sample of long GRBs with known redshift, we study the distribution of the evolutionary tracks on the rest-frame luminosity-peak energy Liso-Ep diagram. We are interested in exploring the extension of the `Yonetoku correlation to any phase of the prompt light curve, and in verifying how the high-signal prompt duration time, Tf, in the rest frame correlates with the residuals of such correlation (Firmani et al. 2006). For our purpose, we analyse separately two samples of time-resolved spectra corresponding to 32 GRBs with peak fluxes >1.8 phot cm^-2 s^-1 from the Swift-BAT detector, and 7 bright GRBs from the CGRO-BATSE detector previously processed by Kaneko et al. (2006). After constructing the Liso-Ep diagram, we discuss the relevance of selection effects, finding that they could affect significantly the correlation. However, we find that these effects are much less significant in the Liso x Tf-Ep diagram, where the intrinsic scatter reduces significantly. We apply further corrections for reducing the intrinsic scatter even more. For the sub-samples of GRBs (7 from Swift and 5 from CGRO) with measured jet break time, we analyse the effects of correcting Liso by jet collimation. We find that (i) the scatter around the correlation is reduced, and (ii) this scatter is dominated by the internal scatter of the individual evolutionary tracks. These results suggest that the time, integrated `Amati and `Ghirlanda correlations are consequences of the time resolved features, not of selection effects, and therefore call for a physical origin. We finally remark the relevance of looking inside the nature of the evolutionary tracks.
Both the long-duration gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs) and the Type I superluminous supernovae (SLSNe~I) have been proposed to be primarily powered by central magnetars. A correlation, proposed between the initial spin period ($P_0$) and the surface magnetic field ($B$) of the magnetars powering the X-ray plateaus in LGRB afterglows, indicates a possibility that the magnetars have reached an equilibrium spin period due to the fallback accretion. The corresponding accretion rates are inferred as $dot{M}approx10^{-4}-10^{-1}$ M$_odot$ s$^{-1}$, and this result holds for the cases of both isotropic and collimated magnetar wind. For the SLSNe~I and a fraction of engine-powered normal type Ic supernovae (SNe~Ic) and broad-lined subclass (SNe~Ic-BL), the magnetars could also reach an accretion-induced spin equilibrium, but the corresponding $B-P_0$ distribution suggests a different accretion rate range, i.e., $dot{M}approx 10^{-7}-10^{-3}$ M$_odot$ s$^{-1}$. Considering the effect of fallback accretion, magnetars with relatively weak fields are responsible for the SLSNe~I, while those with stronger magnetic fields could lead to SNe~Ic/Ic-BL. Some SLSNe~I in our sample could arise from compact progenitor stars, while others that require longer-term accretion may originate from the progenitor stars with more extended envelopes or circumstellar medium.
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