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Register a new userAnatomy of HH 111 from CO observations : a bow shock driven molecular outflow
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We present millimeter line observations of the HH 111 outflow and its driving source. The molecular gas emission observed with IRAM 30m and the CSO reveals a small condensation of cold and dense gas. The low-velocity outflow has been mapped with the IRAM PdBI interferometer. The cold gas is distributed in a hollow cylinder surrounding the optical jet. The formation of this cavity and its kinematics are well accounted for in the frame of outflow gas entrainment by jet bow shocks. Evidence of gas acceleration is found along the cavity walls, correlated with the presence of optical bow shocks. The cavity has been expanding with a mean velocity of 4 km/s on a timescale of 8700 yr, similar to the dynamical age of the optical jet. The separation of the inner walls reaches 8-10, which matches the transverse size of the wings in the bow shock. CSO observations of the J=7-6 line show evidence of a high-velocity and hot gas component (T=300-1000 K) with a low filling factor, associated with shocked molecular gas in the jet. [CI] observations are consistent with C-type non-dissociative shocks. Mapping of the high-velocity molecular bullets B1-B3 located beyond the optical jet, with the PdBI, reveals small structures of 3 by 7 flattened perpendicular to the flow direction. They are made of cold gas of moderate density(a few 10^3 cm-3). The bullets appear to expand into the low-density surrounding medium. We conclude that they are probably shocked gas knots resulting from past time-variable ejections in the jet.
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We present an astrometry study of the radio source VLA 1 at the core of the HH 111 outflow using new data (2007) as well as archival observations (1992-1996). All data were taken at 3.6 cm with the Very Large Array in its most extended (A) configuration. The source VLA 1 has undergone a dramatic morphological change, showing a one-sided knot ejection in the 2007 epoch. We also report on the detection of a 3.6 cm compact continuum source (VLA 3) located at (-10.6,98.7) from VLA 1. No significant absolute proper motions were found for VLA 1 and VLA 3 and the upper limits are consistent with those found for (embedded) radio sources in the Orion Nebula. We favor the interpretation that in the continuum at 3.6 cm we are observing two nearly perpendicular jets. HH 111 presents a new case of one-sided jet ejection in a young stellar object. The Galactic (or extragalactic) nature of VLA 3 remains unclear.
Stretching a length reaching 10 pc projected in the plane of sky, the radio jet associated with Herbig-Haro objects 80 and 81 (HH 80-81) is known as the largest and best collimated protostellar jet in our Galaxy. The nature of the molecular outflow associated with this extraordinary jet remains an unsolved question which is of great interests to our understanding of the relationship between jets and outflows in high-mass star formation. Here we present Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment CO(6-5) and (7-6), James Clerk Maxwell Telescope CO(3-2), Caltech Submillimeter Observatory CO(2-1), and Submillimeter Array CO and $^{13}$CO(2-1) mapping observations of the outflow. We report on the detection of a two-component outflow consisting of a collimated component along the jet path and a wide-angle component with an opening angle of about $30^{circ}$. The gas velocity structure suggests that each of the two components traces part of a primary wind. From LVG calculations of the CO lines, the outflowing gas has a temperature around 88 K, indicating that the gas is being heated by shocks. Based on the CO(6-5) data, the outflow mass is estimated to be a few $M_{odot}$, which is dominated by the wide-angle component. A comparison between the HH 80-81 outflow and other well shaped massive outflows suggests that the opening angle of massive outflows continues to increase over time. Therefore, the mass loss process in the formation of early-B stars seems to be similar to that in low-mass star formation, except that a jet component would disappear as the central source evolves to an ultracompact HII region.
We present sensitive, high angular resolution ($0rlap.{}05$) VLA continuum observations made at 7 mm of the core of the HH 111/121 quadrupolar outflow. We estimate that at this wavelength the continuum emission is dominated by dust, although a significant free-free contribution ($sim$30%) is still present. The observed structure is formed by two overlapping, elongated sources approximately perpendicular to each other as viewed from Earth. We interpret this structure as either tracing two circumstellar disks that exist around each of the protostars of the close binary source at the core of this quadrupolar outflow or a disk and a jet perpendicular to it. Both interpretations have advantages and disadvantages, and future high angular resolution spectroscopic millimeter observations are required to favor one of them in a more conclusive way.
The role of radiative cooling during the evolution of a bow shock was studied in laboratory-astrophysics experiments that are scalable to bow shocks present in jets from young stellar objects. The laboratory bow shock is formed during the collision of two counter-streaming, supersonic plasma jets produced by an opposing pair of radial foil Z-pinches driven by the current pulse from the MAGPIE pulsed-power generator. The jets have different flow velocities in the laboratory frame and the experiments are driven over many times the characteristic cooling time-scale. The initially smooth bow shock rapidly develops small-scale non-uniformities over temporal and spatial scales that are consistent with a thermal instability triggered by strong radiative cooling in the shock. The growth of these perturbations eventually results in a global fragmentation of the bow shock front. The formation of a thermal instability is supported by analysis of the plasma cooling function calculated for the experimental conditions with the radiative packages ABAKO/RAPCAL.
In this paper we explore the relationship between protostellar outflows and turbulence in molecular clouds. Using 3-D numerical simulations we focus on the hydrodynamics of multiple outflows interacting within a parsec scale volume. We explore the extent to which transient outflows injecting directed energy and momentum into a sub-volume of a molecular cloud can be converted into random turbulent motions. We show that turbulence can readily be sustained by these interactions and show that it is possible to broadly characterize an effective driving scale of the outflows. We compare the velocity spectrum obtained in our studies to that of isotropically forced hydrodynamic turbulence finding that in outflow driven turbulence a power law is indeed achieved. However we find a steeper spectrum (beta ~ 3) is obtained in outflow driven turbulence models than in isotropically forced simulations (beta ~ 2). We discuss possible physical mechanisms responsible for these results as well and their implications for turbulence in molecular clouds where outflows will act in concert with other processes such as gravitational collapse.
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