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Register a new userDynamical Masses for Low-Mass Pre-Main Sequence Stars: A Preliminary Physical Orbit for HD 98800 B
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We report on Keck Interferometer observations of the double-lined binary (B) component of the quadruple pre-main sequence (PMS) system HD 98800. With these interferometric observations combined with astrometric measurements made by the Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensors (FGS), and published radial velocity observations we have estimated preliminary visual and physical orbits of the HD 98800 B subsystem. Our orbit model calls for an inclination of 66.8 $pm$ 3.2 deg, and allows us to infer the masses and luminosities of the individual components. In particular we find component masses of 0.699 $pm$ 0.064 and 0.582 $pm$ 0.051 M$_{sun}$ for the Ba (primary) and Bb (secondary) components respectively. Modeling of the component SEDs finds temperatures and luminosities in agreement with previous studies, and coupled with the component mass estimates allows for comparison with PMS models in the low-mass regime with few empirical constraints. Solar abundance models seem to under-predict the inferred component temperatures and luminosities, while assuming slightly sub-solar abundances bring the models and observations into better agreement. The present preliminary orbit does not yet place significant constraints on existing pre-main sequence stellar models, but prospects for additional observations improving the orbit model and component parameters are very good.
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Spectral energy distributions (SEDs) from 0.4 to 4.7 microns are presented for the two principal stellar components of HD~98800, A and B. The third major component, an extensive planetary debris system (PDS), emits > 20% of the luminosity of star B in a blackbody SED at 164 +/- 5K extending from mid-IR to millimeter-wavelengths. At 0.95 microns a preliminary upper limit of < 0.06 is obtained for the ratio of reflected light to the total from star B. This result limits the albedo of the PDS to < 0.3. Values are presented for the temperature, luminosity, and radius of each major systemic component. Remarkable similarities are found between the PDS and the interplanetary debris system around the Sun as it could have appeared a few million years after its formation.
The accuracy of masses of pre-main sequence (PMS) stars derived from their locations on the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram (HRD) can be tested by comparison with accurate and precise masses determined independently. We present 29 single stars in the Taurus star-forming region (SFR) and 3 in the Ophiuchus SFR with masses measured dynamically to a precision of at least $10 %$. Our results include 9 updated mass determinations and 3 that have not had their dynamical masses published before. This list of stars with fundamental, dynamical masses, M$_{dyn}$, is drawn from a larger list of 39 targets in the Taurus SFR and 6 in the Ophiuchus SFR. Placing the stars with accurate and precise dynamical masses on HRDs that do not include internal magnetic fields underestimates the mass compared to M$_{dyn}$ by about $30 %$. Placing them on an HRD that does include magnetic fields yields mass estimates in much better agreement with M$_{dyn}$, with an average difference between M$_{dyn}$ and the estimated track mass of $0.01pm0.02$~msun. The ages of the stars, 3--10 MY on tracks that include magnetic fields, is older than the 1--3 MY indicated by the non-magnetic models. The older ages of T Tauri stars predicted by the magnetic models increase the time available for evolution of their disks and formation of the giant gas exoplanets. The agreement between our M$_{dyn}$ values and the masses on the magnetic field tracks provides indirect support for these older ages.
[Abridged] The stellar Initial Mass Function (IMF) suggests that sub-solar stars form in very large numbers. Most attractive places for catching low-mass star formation in the act are young stellar clusters and associations, still (half-)embedded in star-forming regions. The low-mass stars in such regions are still in their pre--main-sequence (PMS) evolutionary phase. The peculiar nature of these objects and the contamination of their samples by the evolved populations of the Galactic disk impose demanding observational techniques for the detection of complete numbers of PMS stars in the Milky Way. The Magellanic Clouds, the companion galaxies to our own, demonstrate an exceptional star formation activity. The low extinction and stellar field contamination in star-forming regions of these galaxies imply a more efficient detection of low-mass PMS stars than in the Milky Way, but their distance from us make the application of special detection techniques unfeasible. Nonetheless, imaging with the Hubble Space Telescope yield the discovery of solar and sub-solar PMS stars in the Magellanic Clouds from photometry alone. Unprecedented numbers of such objects are identified as the low-mass stellar content of their star-forming regions, changing completely our picture of young stellar systems outside the Milky Way, and extending the extragalactic stellar IMF below the persisting threshold of a few solar masses. This review presents the recent developments in the investigation of PMS stars in the Magellanic Clouds, with special focus on the limitations by single-epoch photometry that can only be circumvented by the detailed study of the observable behavior of these stars in the color-magnitude diagram. The achieved characterization of the low-mass PMS stars in the Magellanic Clouds allowed thus a more comprehensive understanding of the star formation process in our neighboring galaxies.
Observations of binaries have traditionally provided the means for ascertaining stellar masses. Here, we use the published data on 8 pre-main-sequence pairs to gauge the accuracy of our own, recently calculated, evolutionary tracks (Palla & Stahler 1999). We consider both eclipsing, double-lined spectroscopic binaries, which provide the mass of each star separately, and non-eclipsing, double-lined systems, which yield only the ratio. We also analyze the visual, quadruple system GG Tau, for which the sum of the two component masses follows from observations of the circumbinary disk. In almost all cases, our theoretically derived masses or mass ratios are in good agreement with the empirical values. For two binaries (NTTS 162814-2427 and P1540), the observational results are still too uncertain for a proper comparison. We also find that the derived contraction ages within each pre-main-sequence pair are nearly equal. This result extends earlier findings regarding visual pairs, and indicates that the components of all binaries form in proximity, perhaps within the same dense cloud core. Finally, our study reveals that the Trapezium star BM Ori is very young, since both the star itself and its companion have contraction ages less than 10^5 years.
We cross-correlate the Herbig & Bell and Hipparcos Catalogues in order to extract the results for young stellar objects (YSOs). We compare the distances of individual young stars and the distance of their presumably associated molecular clouds, taking into account post-Hipparcos distances to the relevant associations and using Hipparcos intermediate astrometric data to derive new parallaxes of the pre-main sequence stars based on their grouping. We confirm that YSOs are located in their associated clouds, as anticipated by a large body of work, and discuss reasons which make the individual parallaxes of some YSOs doubtful. We find in particular that the distance of Taurus YSOs as a group is entirely consistent with the molecular cloud distance, although Hipparcos distances of some faint Taurus-Auriga stars must be viewed with caution. We then improve some of the solutions for the binary and multiple pre-main sequence stars. In particular, we confirm three new astrometric young binaries discovered by Hipparcos: RY Tau, UX Ori, and IX Oph.
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