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Register a new userDiagnosing the outflow from the SGR 1806-20 Giant Flare with Radio Observations
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On 2004 Dec. 27, the soft gamma repeater (SGR) 1806-20 emitted the brightest giant flare (GF) ever detected from an SGR, with an (isotropic) energy release $sim 100$ times greater than the only two other known SGR GFs. It was followed by a very bright, fading radio afterglow. Extensive follow-up radio observations provided a wealth of information with unprecedented astrometric precision, revealing the temporal evolution of the source size, along with densely sampled light curves and spectra. Here we expand on our previous work on this source, by explaining these observations within one self-consistent dynamical model. In this scenario, the early radio emission is due to the outflow ejected during the GF energizing a thin shell surrounding a pre-existing cavity, where the observed steep temporal decay of the radio emission seen beginning on day 9 is attributed to the adiabatic cooling of the shocked shell. The shocked ejecta and external shell move outward together, driving a forward shock into the ambient medium, and are eventually decelerated by a reverse shock. As we show in Gelfand et al. (2005), the radio emission from the shocked external medium naturally peaks when significant deceleration occurs, and then decays relatively slowly. The dynamical modeling of the collision between the ejecta and the external shell together with the observed evolution of the source size (which is nicely reproduced in our model) suggest that most of the energy in the outflow was in mildly relativistic material, with an initial expansion velocity $v/c lesssim 0.7d_{15}$, for a distance of $15d_{15}$ kpc to SGR 1806-20. An initially highly relativistic outflow would not have produced a long coasting phase at a mildly relativistic expansion velocity, as was observed.
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The 2004 December 27 giant flare from SGR 1806-20 produced a radio nebula that was detectable for weeks. It was observed at a wide range of radio frequencies. We made a total of 19 WSRT observations. Most of these were performed quasi simultaneously at either two or three frequencies, starting 2005 January 4 and ending 2005 January 29. We reobserved the field in 2005 April/May, which facilitated an accurate subtraction of background sources. At 350 MHz, we find that the total intensity of the source is lower than expected from the GMRT 240 MHz and 610 MHz measurements and inconsistent with spectral indices published previously. Our 850 MHz flux densities, however, are consistent with earlier results. There is no compelling evidence for significant depolarization at any frequency. We do, however, find that polarization angles differ substantially from those at higher frequencies. Low frequency polarimetry and total intensity measurements provide a number of clues with regard to substructure in the radio nebula associated with SGR 1806-20. In general, for a more complete understanding of similar events, low frequency observations can provide new insights into the physics of the radio source.
A giant flare from the Soft Gamma-ray Repeater SGR 1806-20 has been detected by several satellites on 2004 December 27. This tremendous outburst, the first one observed from this source, was a hundred times more powerful than the two previous giant flares from SGR 0525-66 and SGR 1900+14. We report the results obtained for this event with the Anticoincidence Shield of the SPI spectrometer on board the INTEGRAL satellite, which provides a high-statistics light curve at E>~80 keV. The flare started with a very strong pulse, which saturated the detector for ~0.7 s, and whose backscattered radiation from the Moon was detected 2.8 s later. This was followed by a ~400 s long tail modulated at the neutron star rotation period of 7.56 s. The tail fluence corresponds to an energy in photons above 3 keV of 1.6x10^44 (d/15 kpc)^2 erg. This is of the same order of the energy emitted in the pulsating tails of the two giant flares seen from other soft repeaters, despite the hundredfold larger overall emitted energy of the SGR 1806-20 giant flare. Long lasting (~1 hour) hard X-ray emission, decaying in time as t^-0.85, and likely associated to the SGR 1806-20 giant flare afterglow has also been detected.
The extraordinary giant flare (GF) of 2004 December 27 from the soft gamma repeater (SGR) 1806-20 was followed by a bright radio afterglow. We present an analysis of VLA observations of this radio afterglow from SGR 1806-20, consisting of previously reported 8.5 GHz data covering days 7 to 20 after the GF, plus new observations at 8.5 and 22 GHz from day 24 to 81. We detect motion in the flux centroid of the afterglow, at an average velocity of 0.26 +/- 0.03 c (assuming a distance of 15 kpc) at a position angle of -45 degrees. This motion, in combination with the growth and polarization measurements, suggests an asymmetric outflow, mainly from one side of the magnetar. We find a deceleration in the expansion, from ~9 mas/day to <5 mas/day. The time of deceleration is roughly coincident with the rebrightening in the radio light curve, as expected to result when the ejecta from the GF sweeps up enough of the external medium, and transitions from a coasting phase to the Sedov-Taylor regime. The radio afterglow is elongated and maintains a 2:1 axis ratio with an average position angle of -40 degrees (north through east), oriented perpendicular to the average intrinsic linear polarization angle.
On Dec 27, 2004, the magnetar SGR 1806-20 underwent an enormous outburst resulting in the formation of an expanding, moving, and fading radio source. We report observations of this radio source with the Multi-Element Radio-Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN) and the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA). The observations confirm the elongation and expansion already reported based on observations at lower angular resolutions, but suggest that at early epochs the structure is not consistent with the very simplest models such as a smooth flux distribution. In particular there appears to be significant structure on small angular scales, with ~10% of the radio flux arising on angular scales <100 milliarcsec. This structure may correspond to localised sites of particle acceleration during the early phases of expansion and interaction with the ambient medium.
We report the analysis of 5 NuSTAR observations of SGR 1806-20 spread over a year from April 2015 to April 2016, more than 11 years following its Giant Flare (GF) of 2004. The source spin frequency during the NuSTAR observations follows a linear trend with a frequency derivative $dot{ u}=(-1.25pm0.03)times10^{-12}$ Hz s$^{-1}$, implying a surface dipole equatorial magnetic field $Bapprox7.7times10^{14}$ G. Thus, SGR 1806-20 has finally returned to its historical minimum torque level measured between 1993 and 1998. The source showed strong timing noise for at least 12 years starting in 2000, with $dot{ u}$ increasing one order of magnitude between 2005 and 2011, following its 2004 major bursting episode and GF. SGR 1806-20 has not shown strong transient activity since 2009 and we do not find short bursts in the NuSTAR data. The pulse profile is complex with a pulsed fraction of $sim8%$ with no indication of energy dependence. The NuSTAR spectra are well fit with an absorbed blackbody, $kT=0.62pm0.06$ keV, plus a power-law, $Gamma=1.33pm0.03$. We find no evidence for variability among the 5 observations, indicating that SGR 1806-20 has reached a persistent and potentially its quiescent X-ray flux level after its 2004 major bursting episode. Extrapolating the NuSTAR model to lower energies, we find that the 0.5-10 keV flux decay follows an exponential form with a characteristic timescale $tau=543pm75$ days. Interestingly, the NuSTAR flux in this energy range is a factor of $sim2$ weaker than the long-term average measured between 1993 and 2003, a behavior also exhibited in SGR $1900+14$. We discuss our findings in the context of the magnetar model.
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