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Register a new userA New Generation of Neutrino Cross Section Experiments: Challenges and Opportunities
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Our knowledge of neutrino cross sections at the GeV scale, instrumental to test CP symmetry violation in the leptonic sector, has grown substantially in the last two decades. Still, their precision and understanding are far from the standard needed in contemporary neutrino physics. Nowadays, the knowledge of the neutrino cross-section at $O(10%)$ causes the main systematic uncertainty in oscillation experiments and jeopardizes their physics reach. In this paper, we envision the opportunities for a new generation of cross section experiments to be run in parallel with DUNE and HyperKamiokande. We identify the most prominent physics goals by looking at the theory and experimental limitations of the previous generation of experiments. We highlight the priorities in the theoretical understanding of GeV cross-sections and the experimental challenges of this new generation of facilities.
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The first measurements of antineutrino charged-current quasielastic ($ umub$ CCQE, $ umu + N to mup + N$) and neutral-current elastic ($ umub$ NCE, $ umu + N to umu + N$) cross sections with $< E_{bar{ u}} >$ $<$ 1 GeV are presented. To maximize the precision of these measurements, many data-driven background measurements were executed, including a first demonstration of charge separation using a non-magnetized detector. Apart from extending our knowledge of antineutrino interactions by probing a new energy range, these measurements constrain signal and background processes for current and future neutrino oscillation experiments and also carry implications for intra-nuclear interactions.
The Large Hadron-Electron Collider (LHeC) will operate at $sqrt{s}$ = 1.2 TeV and accumulate about 1/ab of integrated electron-proton luminosity. Novel studies of high energy photon-photon interactions at the LHeC, at the $gammagamma$ center-of-mass energy up to 1 TeV, will open new frontiers in the electroweak physics as well as in searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. Despite a very high $ep$ luminosity, the experimental conditions will be very favorable at the LHeC - a negligible event pileup will allow for unique studies of a number of processes involving the exclusive production via photon-photon fusion.
The current generation of short baseline neutrino experiments is approaching intrinsic source limitations in the knowledge of flux, initial neutrino energy and flavor. A dedicated facility based on conventional accelerator techniques and existing infrastructures designed to overcome these impediments would have a remarkable impact on the entire field of neutrino oscillation physics. It would improve by about one order of magnitude the precision on $ u_mu$ and $ u_e$ cross sections, enable the study of electroweak nuclear physics at the GeV scale with unprecedented resolution and advance searches for physics beyond the three-neutrino paradigm. In turn, these results would enhance the physics reach of the next generation long baseline experiments (DUNE and Hyper-Kamiokande) on CP violation and their sensitivity to new physics. In this document, we present the physics case and technology challenge of high precision neutrino beams based on the results achieved by the ENUBET Collaboration in 2016-2018. We also set the R&D milestones to enable the construction and running of this new generation of experiments well before the start of the DUNE and Hyper-Kamiokande data taking. We discuss the implementation of this new facility at three different level of complexity: $ u_mu$ narrow band beams, $ u_e$ monitored beams and tagged neutrino beams. We also consider a site specific implementation based on the CERN-SPS proton driver providing a fully controlled neutrino source to the ProtoDUNE detectors at CERN.
Absolute neutrino cross section measurements at the GeV scale are ultimately limited by the knowledge of the initial $ u$ flux. In order to evade such limitation and reach the accuracy that is needed for precision oscillation physics ($sim 1$%), substantial advances in flux measurement techniques are requested. We discuss here the possibility of instrumenting the decay tunnel to identify large-angle positrons and monitor $ u_e$ production from $K^+ rightarrow e^+ u_e pi^0$ decays. This non conventional technique opens up opportunities to measure the $ u_e$ CC cross section at the per cent level in the energy range of interest for DUNE/HK. We discuss the progress in the simulation of the facility (beamline and instrumentation) and the ongoing R&D.
With the advent of a new generation of neutrino experiments which leverage high-intensity neutrino beams for precision measurements, it is timely to explore physics topics beyond the standard neutrino-related physics. Given that the realm of beyond the standard model (BSM) physics has been mostly sought at high-energy regimes at colliders, such as the LHC at CERN, the exploration of BSM physics in neutrino experiments will enable complementary measurements at the energy regimes that balance that of the LHC. This is in concert with new ideas for high-intensity beams for fixed target and beam-dump experiments world-wide, e.g., those at CERN. The combination of the high intensity proton beam facilities and massive detectors for precision neutrino oscillation parameter measurements and for CP violation phase measurements will help make BSM physics reachable even in low energy regimes in accelerator based experiments. Large mass detectors with highly precise tracking and energy measurements, excellent timing resolution, and low energy thresholds will enable searches for BSM phenomena from cosmogenic origin, as well. Therefore, it is conceivable that BSM topics in the next generation neutrino experiments could be the dominant physics topics in the foreseeable future, as the precision of the neutrino oscillation parameter and CPV measurements continues to improve. In this spirit, this white paper provides a review of the current landscape of BSM theory in neutrino experiments in two selected areas of the BSM topics - dark matter and neutrino related BSM - and summarizes the current results from existing neutrino experiments to set benchmarks for both theory and experiment. This paper then provides a review of upcoming neutrino experiments throughout the next 10 - 15 year time scale and their capabilities to set the foundation for potential reach in BSM physics in the two aforementioned themes.
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