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Tin monosulfide (SnS) usually exhibits p-type conduction due to the low formation enthalpy of acceptor-type defects, and as a result n-type SnS thin films have never been obtained. This study realizes n-type conduction in SnS thin films for the first time by using RF-magnetron sputtering with Cl doping and sulfur plasma source during deposition. N-type SnS thin films are obtained at all the substrate temperatures employed in this study (221-341 C), exhibiting carrier concentrations and Hall mobilities of ~2 x 10 18 cm-3 and 0.1-1 cm V-1s-1, respectively. The films prepared without sulfur plasma source, on the other hand, exhibit p-type conduction despite containing a comparable amount of Cl donors. This is likely due to a significant amount of acceptor-type defects originating from sulfur deficiency in p-type films, which appears as a broad optical absorption within the band gap. The demonstration of n-type SnS thin films in this study is a breakthrough for the realization of SnS homojunction solar cells, which are expected to have a higher conversion efficiency than the conventional heterojunction SnS solar cells.
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The temperature dependent resistance $R$($T$) of polycrystalline ferromagnetic CoFeB thin films of varying thickness are analyzed considering various electrical scattering processes. We observe a resistance minimum in $R$($T$) curves below $simeq$ 29 K, which can be explained as an effect of intergranular Coulomb interaction in a granular system. The structural and Coulomb interaction related scattering processes contribute more as the film thickness decreases implying the role of disorder and granularity. Although the magnetic contribution to the resistance is the weakest compared to these two, it is the only thickness independent process. On the contrary, the negative coefficient of resistance can be explained by electron interaction effect in disordered amorphous films.
Aluminum scandium nitride alloy (Al1-xScxN) is regarded as a promising material for high-performance acoustic devices used in wireless communication systems. Phonon scattering and heat conduction processes govern the energy dissipation in acoustic resonators, ultimately determining their performance quality. This work reports, for the first time, on phonon scattering processes and thermal conductivity in Al1-xScxN alloys with the Sc content (x) up to 0.26. The thermal conductivity measured presents a descending trend with increasing x. Temperature-dependent measurements show an increase in thermal conductivity as the temperature increases at temperatures below 200K, followed by a plateau at higher temperatures (T> 200K). Application of a virtual crystal phonon conduction model allows us to elucidate the effects of boundary and alloy scattering on the observed thermal conductivity behaviors. We further demonstrate that the alloy scattering is caused mainly by strain-field difference, and less by the atomic mass difference between ScN and AlN, which is in contrast to the well-studied Al1-xGaxN and SixGe1-x alloy systems where atomic mass difference dominates the alloy scattering. This work studies and provides the quantitative knowledge for phonon scattering and the thermal conductivity in Al1-xScxN, paving the way for future investigation of materials and design of acoustic devices.
Understanding microscopic heat conduction in thin films is important for nano/micro heat transfer and thermal management for advanced electronics. As the thickness of thin films is comparable to or shorter than a phonon wavelength, phonon dispersion relations and transport properties are significantly modulated, which should be taken into account for heat conduction in thin films. Although phonon confinement and depletion effects have been considered, it should be emphasized that surface-localized phonons (surface phonons) arise whose influence on heat conduction may not be negligible due to the high surface-to-volume ratio. However, the role of surface phonons in heat conduction has received little attention thus far. In the present work, we performed anharmonic lattice dynamics calculations to investigate the thickness and temperature dependence of in-plane thermal conductivity of silicon thin films with sub-10-nm thickness in terms of surface phonons. Through systematic analysis of the influences of surface phonons, we found that anharmonic coupling between surface and internal phonons localized in thin films significantly suppresses overall in-plane heat conduction in thin films. We also discovered that specific low-frequency surface phonons significantly contribute to surface--internal phonon scattering and heat conduction suppression. Our findings are beneficial for the thermal management of electronics and phononic devices and may lead to surface phonon engineering for thermal conductivity control.
Local conduction at domains and domains walls is investigated in BiFeO3 thin films containing mostly 71o domain walls. Measurements at room temperature reveal conduction through 71o domain walls. Conduction through domains could also be observed at high enough temperatures. It is found that, despite the lower conductivity of the domains, both are governed by the same mechanisms: in the low voltage regime electrons trapped at defect states are temperature-activated but the current is limited by the ferroelectric surface charges; in the large voltage regime, Schottky emission takes place and the role of oxygen vacancies is that of selectively increasing the Fermi energy at the walls and locally reducing the Schottky barrier. This understanding provides the key to engineering conduction paths in oxides.
Two-dimensional (2D) surface of the topological materials is an attractive channel for the electrical conduction reflecting the linearly-dispersive electronic bands. By applying a reliable systematic thickness t dependent measurement of sheet conductance, here we elucidate the dimensionality of the electrical conduction paths of a Weyl semimetal Co3Sn2S2. Under the ferromagnetic phase, the 2D conduction path clearly emerges in Co3Sn2S2 thin films, indicating a formation of the Fermi arcs projected from Weyl nodes. Comparison between 3D conductivity and 2D conductance provides the effective thickness of the surface conducting region being estimated to be approximately 20 nm, which is rather thicker than 5 nm in topological insulator Bi2Se3. This large value may come from the narrow gap at Weyl point and relatively weak spin-orbit interaction of the Co3Sn2S2. The emergent surface conduction will provide a pathway to activate quantum and spintronic transport features stemming from a Weyl node in thin-film-based devices.
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