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Register a new userInvariant Information Bottleneck for Domain Generalization
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The main challenge for domain generalization (DG) is to overcome the potential distributional shift between multiple training domains and unseen test domains. One popular class of DG algorithms aims to learn representations that have an invariant causal relation across the training domains. However, certain features, called emph{pseudo-invariant features}, may be invariant in the training domain but not the test domain and can substantially decreases the performance of existing algorithms. To address this issue, we propose a novel algorithm, called Invariant Information Bottleneck (IIB), that learns a minimally sufficient representation that is invariant across training and testing domains. By minimizing the mutual information between the representation and inputs, IIB alleviates its reliance on pseudo-invariant features, which is desirable for DG. To verify the effectiveness of the IIB principle, we conduct extensive experiments on large-scale DG benchmarks. The results show that IIB outperforms invariant learning baseline (e.g. IRM) by an average of 2.8% and 3.8% accuracy over two evaluation metrics.
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The invariance principle from causality is at the heart of notable approaches such as invariant risk minimization (IRM) that seek to address out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization failures. Despite the promising theory, invariance principle-based approaches fail in common classification tasks, where invariant (causal) features capture all the information about the label. Are these failures due to the methods failing to capture the invariance? Or is the invariance principle itself insufficient? To answer these questions, we revisit the fundamental assumptions in linear regression tasks, where invariance-based approaches were shown to provably generalize OOD. In contrast to the linear regression tasks, we show that for linear classification tasks we need much stronger restrictions on the distribution shifts, or otherwise OOD generalization is impossible. Furthermore, even with appropriate restrictions on distribution shifts in place, we show that the invariance principle alone is insufficient. We prove that a form of the information bottleneck constraint along with invariance helps address key failures when invariant features capture all the information about the label and also retains the existing success when they do not. We propose an approach that incorporates both of these principles and demonstrate its effectiveness in several experiments.
Domain adaptation aims to leverage the supervision signal of source domain to obtain an accurate model for target domain, where the labels are not available. To leverage and adapt the label information from source domain, most existing methods employ a feature extracting function and match the marginal distributions of source and target domains in a shared feature space. In this paper, from the perspective of information theory, we show that representation matching is actually an insufficient constraint on the feature space for obtaining a model with good generalization performance in target domain. We then propose variational bottleneck domain adaptation (VBDA), a new domain adaptation method which improves feature transferability by explicitly enforcing the feature extractor to ignore the task-irrelevant factors and focus on the information that is essential to the task of interest for both source and target domains. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that VBDA significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods across three domain adaptation benchmark datasets.
Learning domain-invariant representation is a dominant approach for domain generalization (DG), where we need to build a classifier that is robust toward domain shifts. However, previous domain-invariance-based methods overlooked the underlying dependency of classes on domains, which is responsible for the trade-off between classification accuracy and domain invariance. Because the primary purpose of DG is to classify unseen domains rather than the invariance itself, the improvement of the invariance can negatively affect DG performance under this trade-off. To overcome the problem, this study first expands the analysis of the trade-off by Xie et. al., and provides the notion of accuracy-constrained domain invariance, which means the maximum domain invariance within a range that does not interfere with accuracy. We then propose a novel method adversarial feature learning with accuracy constraint (AFLAC), which explicitly leads to that invariance on adversarial training. Empirical validations show that the performance of AFLAC is superior to that of domain-invariance-based methods on both synthetic and three real-world datasets, supporting the importance of considering the dependency and the efficacy of the proposed method.
Given the input graph and its label/property, several key problems of graph learning, such as finding interpretable subgraphs, graph denoising and graph compression, can be attributed to the fundamental problem of recognizing a subgraph of the original one. This subgraph shall be as informative as possible, yet contains less redundant and noisy structure. This problem setting is closely related to the well-known information bottleneck (IB) principle, which, however, has less been studied for the irregular graph data and graph neural networks (GNNs). In this paper, we propose a framework of Graph Information Bottleneck (GIB) for the subgraph recognition problem in deep graph learning. Under this framework, one can recognize the maximally informative yet compressive subgraph, named IB-subgraph. However, the GIB objective is notoriously hard to optimize, mostly due to the intractability of the mutual information of irregular graph data and the unstable optimization process. In order to tackle these challenges, we propose: i) a GIB objective based-on a mutual information estimator for the irregular graph data; ii) a bi-level optimization scheme to maximize the GIB objective; iii) a connectivity loss to stabilize the optimization process. We evaluate the properties of the IB-subgraph in three application scenarios: improvement of graph classification, graph interpretation and graph denoising. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the information-theoretic IB-subgraph enjoys superior graph properties.
We investigate the power of censoring techniques, first developed for learning {em fair representations}, to address domain generalization. We examine {em adversarial} censoring techniques for learning invariant representations from multiple studies (or domains), where each study is drawn according to a distribution on domains. The mapping is used at test time to classify instances from a new domain. In many contexts, such as medical forecasting, domain generalization from studies in populous areas (where data are plentiful), to geographically remote populations (for which no training data exist) provides fairness of a different flavor, not anticipated in previous work on algorithmic fairness. We study an adversarial loss function for $k$ domains and precisely characterize its limiting behavior as $k$ grows, formalizing and proving the intuition, backed by experiments, that observing data from a larger number of domains helps. The limiting results are accompanied by non-asymptotic learning-theoretic bounds. Furthermore, we obtain sufficient conditions for good worst-case prediction performance of our algorithm on previously unseen domains. Finally, we decompose our mappings into two components and provide a complete characterization of invariance in terms of this decomposition. To our knowledge, our results provide the first formal guarantees of these kinds for adversarial invariant domain generalization.
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