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Register a new userDetection of Ongoing Mass Loss from HD 63433c, a Young Mini Neptune
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We detect Lyman $alpha$ absorption from the escaping atmosphere of HD 63433c, a $R=2.67 R_oplus$, $P=20.5$ d mini Neptune orbiting a young (440 Myr) solar analogue in the Ursa Major Moving Group. Using HST/STIS, we measure a transit depth of $11.1 pm 1.5$% in the blue wing and $8 pm 3$% in the red. This signal is unlikely to be due to stellar variability, but should be confirmed by an upcoming second visit with HST. We do not detect Lyman $alpha$ absorption from the inner planet, a smaller $R=2.15 R_oplus$ mini Neptune on a 7.1 d orbit. We use Keck/NIRSPEC to place an upper limit of 0.5% on helium absorption for both planets. We measure the host stars X-ray spectrum and FUV flux with XMM-Newton, and model the outflow from both planets using a 3D hydrodynamic code. This model provides a reasonable match to the light curve in the blue wing of the Lyman $alpha$ line and the helium non-detection for planet c, although it does not explain the tentative red wing absorption or reproduce the excess absorption spectrum in detail. Its predictions of strong Lyman $alpha$ and helium absorption from b are ruled out by the observations. This model predicts a much shorter mass loss timescale for planet b, suggesting that b and c are fundamentally different: while the latter still retains its hydrogen/helium envelope, the former has likely lost its primordial atmosphere.
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[Abridged] We exploit the extreme radial velocity (RV) precision of the ultra-stable echelle spectrograph ESPRESSO on the VLT to unveil the physical properties of the transiting sub-Neptune TOI-130 b, uncovered by TESS orbiting the nearby, bright, late F-type star HD 5278 (TOI-130) with a period $P_{rm b}=14.3$. We use 43 ESPRESSO high-resolution spectra and broad-band photometry information to derive accurate stellar atmospheric and physical parameters of HD 5278. We exploit the TESS light curve (LC) and spectroscopic diagnostics to gauge the impact of stellar activity on the ESPRESSO RVs. We perform a joint ESPRESSO RVs + TESS LC analysis using fully Bayesian frameworks to determine the system parameters. The updated stellar parameters of HD 5278 are T$_mathrm{eff}=6203pm64$ K, $log g =4.50pm0.11$ dex, [Fe/H]=$-0.12pm0.04$ dex, M$_star=1.126_{-0.035}^{+0.036}$ M$_odot$ and R$_star=1.194_{-0.016}^{+0.017}$ R$_odot$. We determine HD 5278 bs mass and radius to be $M_{rm b} = 7.8_{-1.4}^{+1.5}$ M$_oplus$ and $R_{rm b} = 2.45pm0.05$ R$_oplus$. The derived mean density, $varrho_{rm b} = 2.9_{-0.5}^{+0.6}$ g cm$^{-3}$, is consistent with a bulk composition with a substantial ($sim30%$) water mass fraction and a gas envelope comprising $sim17%$ of the measured radius. Given the host brightness and irradiation levels, HD 5278 b is one of the best targets orbiting G-F primaries for follow-up atmospheric characterization measurements with HST and JWST. We discover a second, non-transiting companion in the system, with a period $P_{rm c}=40.87_{-0.17}^{+0.18}$ days and a minimum mass $M_{rm c}sin i_{rm c} =18.4_{-1.9}^{+1.8}$ M$_oplus$. We study emerging trends in the growing population of transiting sub-Neptunes, and provide statistical evidence for a low occurrence of close-in, $10-15$ M$_oplus$ companions around G-F primaries with $T_mathrm{eff}gtrsim5500$ K.
We report the discovery of HD 110113 b (TOI-755.01), a transiting mini-Neptune exoplanet on a 2.5-day orbit around the solar-analogue HD 110113 (Teff = 5730K). Using TESS photometry and HARPS radial velocities gathered by the NCORES program, we find HD 110113 b has a radius of $2.05pm0.12$ $R_oplus$ and a mass of $4.55pm0.62$ $M_oplus$. The resulting density of $2.90^{+0.75}_{-0.59}$ g cm^{-3} is significantly lower than would be expected from a pure-rock world; therefore, HD 110113 b must be a mini-Neptune with a significant volatile atmosphere. The high incident flux places it within the so-called radius valley; however, HD 110113 b was able to hold onto a substantial (0.1-1%) H-He atmosphere over its $sim4$ Gyr lifetime. Through a novel simultaneous gaussian process fit to multiple activity indicators, we were also able to fit for the strong stellar rotation signal with period $20.8pm1.2$ d from the RVs and confirm an additional non-transiting planet with a mass of $10.5pm1.2$ $M_oplus$ and a period of $6.744^{+0.008}_{-0.009}$ d.
We report the discovery of a warm Neptune and a hot sub-Neptune transiting TOI-421 (BD-14 1137, TIC 94986319), a bright (V=9.9) G9 dwarf star in a visual binary system observed by the TESS space mission in Sectors 5 and 6. We performed ground-based follow-up observations -- comprised of LCOGT transit photometry, NIRC2 adaptive optics imaging, and FIES, CORALIE, HARPS, HIRES, and PFS high-precision Doppler measurements -- and confirmed the planetary nature of the 16-day transiting candidate announced by the TESS team. We discovered an additional radial velocity signal with a period of 5 days induced by the presence of a second planet in the system, which we also found to transit its host star. We found that the inner mini-Neptune, TOI-421b, has an orbital period of Pb =5.19672 +- 0.00049 days, a mass of Mb = 7.17 +- 0.66 Mearth and a radius of Rb = 2.68+0.19-0.18 Rearth, whereas the outer warm Neptune, TOI-421 c, has a period of Pc =16.06819 +- 0.00035 days, a mass of Mc = 16.42+1.06-1.04 Mearth, a radius of Rc = 5.09+0.16-0.15 Rearth and a density of rho_c =0.685+0.080-0.072 g cm-3 . With its characteristics the inner planet (rho_b=2.05+0.52-0.41 g cm-3) is placed in the intriguing class of the super-puffy mini-Neptunes. TOI-421b and TOI-421c are found to be well suitable for atmospheric characterization. Our atmospheric simulations predict significant Ly-alpha transit absorption, due to strong hydrogen escape in both planets, and the presence of detectable CH_4 in the atmosphere of TOI-421c if equilibrium chemistry is assumed.
We report the discovery and characterization of a transiting warm sub-Neptune planet around the nearby bright ($V=8.75$ mag, $K=7.15$ mag) solar twin HD 183579, delivered by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). The host star is located $56.8pm0.1$ pc away with a radius of $R_{ast}=0.97pm0.02 R_{odot}$ and a mass of $M_{ast}=1.03pm0.05 M_{odot}$. We confirm the planetary nature by combining space and ground-based photometry, spectroscopy, and imaging. We find that HD 183579b (TOI-1055b) has a radius of $R_{p}=3.53pm0.13 R_{oplus}$ on a $17.47$ day orbit with a mass of $M_{p}=11.2pm5.4 M_{oplus}$ ($3sigma$ mass upper limit of $27.4 M_{oplus}$). HD 183579b is the fifth brightest known sub-Neptune planet system in the sky, making it an excellent target for future studies of the interior structure and atmospheric properties. By performing a line-by-line differential analysis using the high resolution and signal-to-noise ratio HARPS spectra, we find that HD 183579 joins the typical solar twin sample, without a statistically significant refractory element depletion.
HD3167 is a bright (V=8.9 mag) K0V star observed by the NASAs K2 space mission during its Campaign 8. It has been recently found to host two small transiting planets, namely, HD3167b, an ultra short period (0.96 d) super-Earth, and HD3167c, a mini-Neptune on a relatively long-period orbit (29.85 d). Here we present an intensive radial velocity follow-up of HD3167 performed with the FIES@NOT, [email protected], and HARPS-N@TNG spectrographs. We revise the system parameters and determine radii, masses, and densities of the two transiting planets by combining the K2 photometry with our spectroscopic data. With a mass of 5.69+/-0.44 MEarth, radius of 1.574+/-0.054 REarth, and mean density of 8.00(+1.0)(-0.98) g/cm^3, HD3167b joins the small group of ultra-short period planets known to have a rocky terrestrial composition. HD3167c has a mass of 8.33 (+1.79)(-1.85) MEarth and a radius of 2.740(+0.106)(-0.100) REarth, yielding a mean density of 2.21(+0.56)(-0.53) g/cm^3, indicative of a planet with a composition comprising a solid core surrounded by a thick atmospheric envelope. The rather large pressure scale height (about 350 km) and the brightness of the host star make HD3167c an ideal target for atmospheric characterization via transmission spectroscopy across a broad range of wavelengths. We found evidence of additional signals in the radial velocity measurements but the currently available data set does not allow us to draw any firm conclusion on the origin of the observed variation.
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