We propose a leptoquark model with two scalar leptoquarks $S^{}_1 left( bar{3},1,frac{1}{3} right)$ and $widetilde{R}^{}_2 left(3,2,frac{1}{6} right)$ to give a combined explanation of neutrino masses, lepton flavor mixing and the anomaly of muon $g-2$, satisfying the constraints from the radiative decays of charged leptons. The neutrino masses are generated via one-loop corrections resulting from a mixing between $S^{}_1$ and $widetilde{R}^{}_2$. With a set of specific textures for the leptoquark Yukawa coupling matrices, the neutrino mass matrix possesses an approximate $mu$-$tau$ reflection symmetry with $left( M^{}_ u right)^{}_{ee} = 0$ only in favor of the normal neutrino mass ordering. We show that this model can successfully explain the anomaly of muon $g-2$ and current experimental neutrino oscillation data under the constraints from the radiative decays of charged leptons.