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Register a new userEntrapNet: a Blockchain-Based Verification Protocol for Trustless Computing
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Added by
Chong Li
Publication date
2021
fields
Informatics Engineering
and research's language is
English
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In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based computing verification protocol, called EntrapNet, for distributed shared computing networks, an emerging underlying network for many internet of things (IoT) applications. EntrapNet borrows the idea from the practice of entrapment in criminal law to reduce the possibility of receiving incorrect computing results from trustless service providers who have offered the computing resources. Furthermore, we mathematically optimize EntrapNet to deal with the fundamental tradeoff of a network: security and efficiency. We present an asymptotic optimal solution to this optimization. It will be seen that EntrapNet can be performed as an independent and low-cost layer atop any trustless network that requires outsourced computing, thus making secure computing affordable and practical.
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Blockchain has received tremendous attention as a secure, distributed, and anonymous framework for the Internet of Things (IoT). As a distributed system, blockchain trades off scalability for distribution, which limits the technologys adaptation for large scale networks such as IoT. All transactions and blocks must be broadcast and verified by all participants which limits scalability and incurs computational and communication overheads. The existing solutions to scale blockchains have so far led to partial recentralization, limiting the technologys original appeal. In this paper, we introduce a distributed yet scalable Verification and Communication architecture for blockchain referred to as Vericom. Vericom concurrently achieves high scalability and distribution using hash function outputs to shift blockchains from broadcast to multicast communication. Unlike conventional blockchains where all nodes must verify new transactions/blocks, Vericom uses the hash of IoT traffic to randomly select a set of nodes to verify transactions/blocks which in turn reduces the processing overhead. Vericom incorporates two layers: i) transmission layer where a randomized multicasting method is introduced along with a backbone network to route traffic, i.e., transactions and blocks, from the source to the destination, and ii) verification layer where a set of randomly selected nodes are allocated to verify each transaction or block. The performance evaluation shows that Vericom reduces the packet and processing overhead as compared with conventional blockchains. In the worst case, packet overhead in Vericom scales linearly with the number of nodes while the processing overhead remains scale-independent.
Fog computing is a paradigm for distributed computing that enables sharing of resources such as computing, storage and network services. Unlike cloud computing, fog computing platforms primarily support {em non-functional properties} such as location awareness, mobility and reduced latency. This emerging paradigm has many potential applications in domains such as smart grids, smart cities, and transport management. Most of these domains collect and monitor personal information through edge devices to offer personalized services. A {em centralized} server either at the level of cloud or fog, has been found ineffective to provide a high degree of security and privacy-preserving services. Blockchain technology supports the development of {em decentralized} applications designed around the principles of immutability, cryptography, consistency preserving consensus protocols and smart contracts. Hence blockchain technology has emerged as a preferred technology in recent times to build trustworthy distributed applications. The chapter describes the potential of blockchain technology to realize security services such as authentication, secured communication, availability, privacy and trust management to support the development of dependable fog services.
We present MetaCP, a tool to aid the cryptographer throughout the process of designing and modelling a communication protocol suitable for formal verification. The crucial innovative aspect of the tool is its data-centric approach, where protocol specification is stored in a structured way rather than in natural languages to facilitate its interpretation to multiple target languages. Previous work shows a single exporting plugin (for Tamarin) which required aftermath modifications. By improving the expressiveness of the specification data structure we extend the tool to export to an additional formal language, i.e. ProVerif, as well as a C++ implementation. Starting with its modern graphical interface, MetaCP allows us to model the Diffie-Hellman key exchange, traditionally referred to as a case study, in just a few minutes. Ultimately, we use the formal tools to verify the executability and correctness of the automatically exported models. The design core of MetaCP is freely available in an online demo that provides two further sample protocols, Needham-Schroeder and Needham-Schroeder-Lowe, along with instructions to use the tool to begin modelling from scratch and to export the model to desired external languages.
Known as a distributed ledger technology (DLT), blockchain has attracted much attention due to its properties such as decentralization, security, immutability and transparency, and its potential of servicing as an infrastructure for various applications. Blockchain can empower wireless networks with identity management, data integrity, access control, and high-level security. However, previous studies on blockchain-enabled wireless networks mostly focus on proposing architectures or building systems with popular blockchain protocols. Nevertheless, such existing protocols have obvious shortcomings when adopted in wireless networks where nodes have limited physical resources, fall short of well-established reliable channels, variable bandwidths impacted by environments or jamming attacks. In this paper, we propose a novel consensus protocol named Proof-of-Channel (PoC) leveraging the natural properties of wireless communications, and a BLOWN protocol (BLOckchain protocol for Wireless Networks) for wireless networks under an adversarial SINR model. We formalize BLOWN with the universal composition framework and prove its security properties, namely persistence and liveness, as well as its strengths in countering against adversarial jamming, double-spending, and Sybil attacks, which are also demonstrated by extensive simulation studies.
The proof-of-work consensus protocol suffers from two main limitations: waste of energy and offering only probabilistic guarantees about the status of the blockchain. This paper introduces SklCoin, a new Byzantine consensus protocol and its corresponding software architecture. This protocol leverages two ideas: 1) the proof-of-stake concept to dynamically form stake proportionate consensus groups that represent block miners (stakeholders), and 2) scalable collective signing to efficiently commit transactions irreversibly. SklCoin has immediate finality characteristic where all miners instantly agree on the validity of blocks. In addition, SklCoin supports high transaction rate because of its fast miner election mechanism
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