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Register a new userRecovering the origins of the lenticular galaxy NGC 3115 using multi-band imaging
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Added by
Maria Lu\\'isa Buzzo
Publication date
2021
fields
Physics
and research's language is
English
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A detailed study of the morphology of lenticular galaxies is an important way to understand how this type of galaxy formed and evolves over time. Decomposing a galaxy into its components (disc, bulge, bar, ...) allows recovering the colour gradients present in each system, its star formation history, and its assembly history. We use GALFITM to perform a multi-wavelength structural decomposition of the closest lenticular galaxy, NGC 3115, resulting in the description of its stellar light into several main components: a bulge, a thin disc, a thick disc and also evidence of a bar. We report the finding of central bluer stellar populations in the bulge, as compared to the colour of the galaxy outskirts, indicating either the presence of an Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) and/or recent star formation activity. From the spectral energy distribution results, we show that the galaxy has a low luminosity AGN component, but even excluding the effect of the nuclear activity, the bulge is still bluer than the outer-regions of the galaxy, revealing a recent episode of star formation. Based on all of the derived properties, we propose a scenario for the formation of NGC 3115 consisting of an initial gas-rich merger, followed by accretions and feedback that quench the galaxy, until a recent encounter with the companion KK084 that reignited the star formation in the bulge, provoked a core displacement in NGC 3115 and generated spiral-like features. This result is consistent with the two-phase formation scenario, proposed in previous studies of this galaxy.
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We present HST/ACS $g$ and $z$ photometry and half-light radii $R_{rm h}$ measurements of 360 globular cluster (GC) candidates around the nearby S0 galaxy NGC 3115. We also include Subaru/Suprime-Cam $g$, $r$, and $i$ photometry of 421 additional candidates. The well-established color bimodality of the GC system is obvious in the HST/ACS photometry. We find evidence for a blue tilt in the blue GCs, wherein the blue GCs get redder as luminosity increases, indicative of a mass-metallicity relationship. We find a color gradient in both the red and blue subpopulations, with each group of clusters becoming bluer at larger distances from NGC 3115. The gradient is of similar strength in both subpopulations, but is monotonic and more significant for the blue clusters. On average, the blue clusters have ~10% larger $R_{rm h}$ than the red clusters. This average difference is less than is typically observed for early-type galaxies but does match that measured in the literature for M104, suggesting that morphology and inclination may affect the measured size difference between the red and blue clusters. However, the scatter on the $R_{rm h}$ measurements is large. We also identify 31 clusters more extended than typical GCs, which we consider ultra-compact dwarf (UCD) candidates. Many of these objects are fainter than typical UCDs. While it is likely that a significant number will be background contaminants, six of these UCD candidates are spectroscopically confirmed. To explore low-mass X-ray binaries in the GC system, we match our ACS and Suprime-Cam detections to corresponding Chandra X-ray sources. We identify 45 X-ray - GC matches, 16 among the blue subpopulation and 29 among the red subpopulation. These X-ray/GC coincidence fractions are larger than is typical for most GC systems, probably due to the increased depth of the X-ray data compared to previous studies of GC systems.
The counter-rotation phenomenon in disc galaxies directly indicates a complex galaxy assembly history which is crucial for our understanding of galaxy physics. Here we present the complex data analysis for a lenticular galaxy NGC 448, which has been recently suspected to host a counter-rotating stellar component. We collected deep long-slit spectroscopic observations using the Russian 6-m telescope and performed the photometric decomposition of Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) archival images. We exploited (i) a non-parametric approach in order to recover stellar line-of-sight velocity distributions and (ii) a parametric spectral decomposition technique in order to disentangle stellar population properties of both main and counter-rotating stellar discs. Our spectral decomposition stays in perfect agreement with the photometric analysis. The counter-rotating component contributes $approx$30 per cent to the total galaxy light. We estimated its stellar mass to be $9.0^{+2.7}_{-1.8}cdot10^{9}M_odot$. The radial scale length of counter-rotating disc is $approx$3 times smaller than that of the main disc. Both discs harbour old stars but the counter-rotating components reveals a detectable negative age gradient that might suggest an extended inside-out formation during $3dots4$ Gyrs. The counter-rotating disc hosts more metal-rich stars and possesses a shallower metallicity gradient with respect to the main disc. Our findings rule out cosmological filaments as a source of external accretion which is considered as a potential mechanism of the counter-rotating component formation in NGC 448, and favour the satellite merger event with the consequent slow gas accretion.
We present the resolved stellar populations in the inner and outer halo of the nearby lenticular galaxy NGC~3115. Using deep HST observations, we analyze stars two magnitudes fainter than the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB). We study three fields along the minor axis of this galaxy, 19, 37 and 54 kpc from its center -- corresponding to 7, 14, 21 effective radii (r_{e}). Even at these large galactocentric distances, all of the fields are dominated by a relatively enriched population, with the main peak in the metallicity distribution decreasing with radius from [Z/H] ~ -0.5 to -0.65. The fraction of metal-poor stars ([Z/H] < -0.95) increases from 17%, at 16-37 kpc, to 28%, at ~54 kpc. We observe a distinct low metallicity population (peaked at [Z/H] ~ -1.3 and with total mass 2*10^{10}M_{odot} ~ 14% of the galaxys stellar mass) and argue that this represents the detection of an underlying low metallicity stellar halo. Such halos are generally predicted by galaxy formation theories and have been observed in several late type galaxies including the Milky Way and M31. The metallicity and spatial distribution of the stellar halo of NGC~3115 are consistent with the galaxys globular cluster system, which has a similar low metallicity population that becomes dominant at these large radii. This finding supports the use of globular clusters as bright chemo-dynamical tracers of galaxy halos. These data also allow us to make a precise measurement of the magnitude of the TRGB, from which we derive a distance modulus of NGC~3115 of 30.05pm0.05pm0.10_{sys} (10.2pm0.2pm0.5_{sys} Mpc).
The nearby galaxy NGC 3115 contains a known radio-emitting, low-luminosity active galactic nucleus (AGN), and was recently claimed to host a candidate AGN displaced 14.3 pc from the galaxys optical photocenter. Our goal is to understand whether this represents a single offset AGN, an AGN in orbit around a central black hole, or something else. We present a new, sensitive (RMS = 4.4 $mu$Jy beam$^{-1}$) 10 GHz image, which finds evidence for only one AGN. We place a stringent limit on the radio luminosity of any secondary supermassive black hole of $L_{10~rm{GHz}}<5.8times10^{33}$ ergs/s. An analysis of the relative positioning of the radio core, X-ray nucleus, and stellar bulge in this galaxy indicate that the radio source is centrally located, and not offset from the galactic bulge. This provides an argument against a single offset AGN in NGC 3115, however does not provide conclusive evidence against the purported offset AGN as an in-spiralling secondary black hole.
Using new and archival data, we study the kinematic properties of the nearest field S0 galaxy, NGC 3115, out to $sim6.5$ half-light radii ($R_mathrm{e}$) from its stars (integrated starlight), globular clusters (GCs) and planetary nebulae (PNe). We find evidence of three kinematic regions with an inner transition at $sim0.2 R_mathrm{e}$ from a dispersion-dominated bulge ($V_mathrm{rot}/sigma <1$) to a fast-rotating disk ($V_mathrm{rot}/sigma >1$), and then an additional transition from the disk to a slowly rotating spheroid at $sim2-2.5, R_mathrm{e}$, as traced by the red GCs and PNe (and possibly by the blue GCs beyond $sim5, R_mathrm{e}$). From comparison with simulations, we propose an assembly history in which the original progenitor spiral galaxy undergoes a gas-rich minor merger that results in the embedded kinematically cold disk that we see today in NGC 3115. At a later stage, dwarf galaxies, in mini mergers (mass-ratio $<$ 1:10), were accreted building-up the outer slowly rotating spheroid, with the central disk kinematics largely unaltered. Additionally, we report new spectroscopic observations of a sample of ultra-compact dwarfs (UCDs) around NGC 3115 with the Keck/KCWI instrument. We find that five UCDs are inconsistent with the general rotation field of the GCs, suggesting an textit{ex-situ} origin for these objects, i.e. perhaps the remnants of tidally stripped dwarfs. A further seven UCDs follow the GC rotation pattern, suggesting an textit{in-situ} origin and, possibly a GC-like nature.
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