Let $p$ be a prime. We define the deficiency of a finitely-generated pro-$p$ group $G$ to be $r(G)-d(G)$ where $d(G)$ is the minimal number of generators of $G$ and $r(G)$ is its minimal number of relations. For a number field $K$, let $K_emptyset$ be the maximal unramified $p$-extension of $K$, with Galois group $G_emptyset = Gal(K_emptyset/K)$. In the 1960s, Shafarevich (and independently Koch) showed that the deficiency of $G_emptyset$ satisfies $$0leq mathrm{Def}({rm G}_emptyset) leq dim (O_K^times/(O_K^{times })^p),$$ relating the deficiency of $G_emptyset$ to the $p$-rank of the unit group $O_K^times$ of the ring of integers $O_K$ of $K$. In this work, we further explore connections between relations of the group $G_emptyset$ and the units in the tower $K_emptyset/K$, especially their Galois module structure. In particular, under the assumption that $K$ does not contain a primitive $p$th root of unity, we give an exact formula for $mathrm{Def}({rm G}_emptyset)$ in terms of the number of independent Minkowski units in the tower. The method also allows us to infer more information about the relations of G$_emptyset$, such as their depth in the Zassenhaus filtration, which in certain circumstances makes it easier to show that G$_emptyset$ is infinite. We illustrate how the techniques can be used to provide evidence for the expectation that the Shafarevich-Koch upper bound is almost always sharp.
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