Accretion-modified Stars in Accretion Disks of Active Galactic Nuclei: Slowly Transient Appearance


Abstract in English

Compact objects are expected to exist in the accretion disks of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in active galactic nuclei (AGNs), and in the presence of such a dense environment ($sim 10^{14},{rm cm^{-3}}$), they will form a new kind of stellar population denoted as Accretion-Modified Stars (AMSs). This hypothesis is supported by recent LIGO/Virgo detection of the mergers of very high-mass stellar binary black holes (BHs). We show that the TZOs will be trapped by the SMBH-disk within a typical AGN lifetime. In the context of SMBH-disks, the rates of Bondi accretion onto BHs are $sim 10^{9}L_{rm Edd}/c^{2}$, where $L_{rm Edd}$ is the Eddington luminosity and $c$ is the speed of light. Outflows developed from the hyper-Eddington accretion strongly impact the Bondi sphere and induce episodic accretion. We show that the hyper-Eddington accretion will be halted after an accretion interval of $t_{rm a}sim 10^{5}m_{1},$s, where $m_{1}=m_{bullet}/10sunm$ is the BH mass. The kinetic energy of the outflows accumulated during $t_{rm a}$ is equivalent to 10 supernovae driving an explosion of the Bondi sphere and developing blast waves. We demonstrate that a synchrotron flare from relativistic electrons accelerated by the blast waves peaks in the soft X-ray band ($sim 0.1,$keV), significantly contributing to the radio, optical, UV, and soft X-ray emission of typical radio-quiet quasars. External inverse Compton scattering of the electrons peaks around $40,$GeV and is detectable through {it Fermi}-LAT. The flare, decaying with $t^{-6/5}$ with a few months, will appear as a slowly varying transient. The flares, occurring at a rate of a few per year in radio-quiet quasars, provide a new mechanism for explaining AGN variability.

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