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We consider a theory of scalar QED on a spatially compact 1+1-dimensional spacetime. By considering a constant electric field pointing down the compact dimension, we compute the quantum effective action by integrating out the scalar degrees of freedom in the Euclidean sector. Working in the saddle-point approximation we uncover two novel branches/physical regimes upon analytically continuing back to real time and discover a new result, hitherto unreported in previous literature. Implications of our results are discussed.
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We study the Schwinger effect in near-extremal Reissner-Nordstr{o}m (RN) black holes with electric and/or magnetic charges in the (Anti-) de Sitter (AdS) space. The formula for the Schwinger effect takes a universal form for near-extremal black holes with the near-horizon geometry of ${rm AdS}_2 times S^2$ and with the proper radii for the ${rm AdS}_2$ space and the two-sphere $S^2$, regardless of the asymptotically flat or (A)dS space. The asymptotic AdS boundary enhances and the dS boundary suppresses the Schwinger effect and the small radius of the AdS (dS) space reinforces the enhancement and suppression.
The Schwinger effect in the presence of instantons is considered in this paper. Using AdS/CFT correspondence in the near horizon limit of the D3+D($-1$)-brane background, we calculate the total potential of a quark-antiquark pair in an external electric field. It is shown that instantons tend to suppress the pair creation effect and increase the critical electric field above which the pairs are produced freely without any suppression. Interestingly, no other critical electric field, common for all confining field theories, is observed here at finite temperature. However, as expected we find such a critical electric field at zero temperature. The pair production rate evaluated by the calculation of the expectation value of the circular Wilson loop also confirms this result.
Spontaneous pair production from background fields or spacetimes is one of the most prominent phenomena predicted by quantum field theory. The Schwinger mechanism of production of charged pairs by a strong electric field and the Hawking radiation of all species of particles from a black hole are the consequence of nonperturbative quantum effects. In this review article, the vacuum structure and pair production is reviewed in the in-out formalism, which provides a consistent framework for quantum field theory in the sense that the complex action explains not only the vacuum persistence but also pair production. The current technology of intense lasers is still lower by a few order than the Schwinger limit for electron-positron pair production, while magnetic fields of magnetars on the surface are higher than the Schwinger limit and even higher at the core. On the other hand, the zero effective mass of electron and hole in graphene and Dirac or Weyl semimetals will open a window for experimental test of quantum electrodynamics (QED) phenomena in strong fields.
We consider particle production in $1+1$ dimensional thermal Anti-de Sitter space under the influence of a constant electric field. The vacuum-persistence amplitude is given by a non-relativistic tunnelling instanton once we interpret the system as being governed by an equivalent non-relativistic Schrodinger equation. Working in the WKB approximation, we calculate the tunnelling rate in anti de Sitter space at finite temperature and observe that the particle production rate is enhanced. Additionally, it is observed that there is a critical temperature beyond which the production rate is affected by the thermal environment. We claim this to be a new result for Anti-de Sitter space in the semi-classical approximation.
Recently it has been found that the superposition of a strong and slow electric field with a weaker and faster pulse can significantly enhance the probability for non-perturbative electron-positron pair creation out of the vacuum -- the dynamically assisted Sauter-Schwinger effect. Via the WKB method, we estimate the momentum dependence of the pair creation probability and compare it to existing numerical results. Besides the theoretical interest, a better understanding of this pair creation mechanism should be helpful for the planned experiments aiming at its detection.
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