No Arabic abstract
We consider the KZ differential equations over $mathbb C$ in the case, when the hypergeometric solutions are one-dimensional integrals. We also consider the same differential equations over a finite field $mathbb F_p$. We study the polynomial solutions of these differential equations over $mathbb F_p$, constructed in a previous work joint with V.,Schechtman and called the $mathbb F_p$-hypergeometric solutions. The dimension of the space of $mathbb F_p$-hypergeometric solutions depends on the prime number $p$. We say that the KZ equations have ample reduction for a prime $p$, if the dimension of the space of $mathbb F_p$-hypergeometric solutions is maximal possible, that is, equal to the dimension of the space of solutions of the corresponding KZ equations over $mathbb C$. Under the assumption of ample reduction, we prove a determinant formula for the matrix of coordinates of basis $mathbb F_p$-hypergeometric solutions. The formula is analogous to the corresponding formula for the determinant of the matrix of coordinates of basis complex hypergeometric solutions, in which binomials $(z_i-z_j)^{M_i+M_j}$ are replaced with $(z_i-z_j)^{M_i+M_j-p}$ and the Euler gamma function $Gamma(x)$ is replaced with a suitable $mathbb F_p$-analog $Gamma_{mathbb F_p}(x)$ defined on $mathbb F_p$.
We prove an $mathbb F_p$-Selberg integral formula, in which the $mathbb F_p$-Selberg integral is an element of the finite field $mathbb F_p$ with odd prime number $p$ of elements. The formula is motivated by analogy between multidimensional hypergeometric solutions of the KZ equations and polynomial solutions of the same equations reduced modulo $p$.
The relations in the tautological ring of the moduli space M_g of nonsingular curves conjectured by Faber-Zagier in 2000 and extended to the moduli space of stable pointed curves by Pixton in 2012 are based upon two hypergeometric series A and B. The question of the geometric origins of these series has been solved in at least two ways (via the Frobenius structures associated to 3-spin curves and to CP1). The series A and B also appear in the study of descendent integration on the moduli spaces of open and closed curves. We survey here the various occurrences of A and B starting from their appearance in the asymptotic expansion of the Airy function (calculated by Stokes in the 19th century). Several open questions are proposed.
We consider the KZ differential equations over $mathbb C$ in the case, when the hypergeometric solutions are one-dimensional integrals. We also consider the same differential equations over a finite field $mathbb F_p$. We study the space of polynomial solutions of these differential equations over $mathbb F_p$, constructed in a previous work by V. Schechtman and the second author. Using Hasse-Witt matrices we identify the space of these polynomial solutions over $mathbb F_p$ with the space dual to a certain subspace of regular differentials on an associated curve. We also relate these polynomial solutions over $mathbb F_p$ and the hypergeometric solutions over $mathbb C$.
We propose a conjectural explicit formula of generating series of a new type for Gromov--Witten invariants of $mathbb{P}^1$ of all degrees in full genera.
A field $K$ is called ample if for every geometrically integral $K$-variety $V$ with a smooth $K$-point, $V(K)$ is Zariski-dense in $V$. A field $K$ is virtually ample if some finite extension of $K$ is ample. We prove that there exists a virtually ample field that is not ample.