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Register a new userQuantum Entanglement and Thermal Behavior in Charged-Current Weak Interactions
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We show that quantum entanglement between causally separated regions of a nucleon in antineutrino-nucleon scattering manifests itself as a thermal component in the resulting pion momentum distribution. For antineutrino scattering coherently from the (carbon) nucleus as a whole, this thermal component is absent, as expected by our quantum entanglement thermalization proposition. These phenomena, which have been observed in proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider, and in electromagnetic deep inelastic scattering, are now for the first time shown to exist in electroweak interactions as well.
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The apparent thermalization of the particles produced in hadronic collisions can be obtained by quantum entanglement of the partons of the initial state once a fast hard collision is produced. The scale of the hard collision is related to the thermal temperature. As the probability distribution of these events is of the form $np(n)$, as a consequence, the von Neumann entropy is larger than in the minimum bias case. The leading contribution to this entropy comes from the logarithm of the number of partons $n$, all with equal probability, making maximal the entropy. In addition there is another contribution related to the width of the parton multiplicity. Asymptotically, the entanglement entropy becomes the logarithm of $sqrt{n}$, indicating that the number of microstates changes with energy from $n$ to $sqrt{n}$.
The thermalization of the particles produced in collisions of small size objects can be achieved by quantum entanglement of the partons of the initial state as it was analyzed recently in proton-proton collisions. We extend such study to Pb-Pb collisions and to different multiplicities of proton-proton collisions. We observe that, in all cases, the effective temperature is approximately proportional to the hard scale of the collision. We show that such relation between the thermalization temperature and the hard scale can be explained as a consequence of the clustering of the color sources. The fluctuations on the number of parton states decreases with multiplicity in Pb-Pb collisions as far as the width of the transverse momentum distributions decreases, contrary to the p-p case. We relate these fluctuations to the temperature time fluctuations by means of a Langevin equation for the white noise due to the quench of a hard parton collision.
We present studies of thermal entanglement of a three-spin system in triangular symmetry. Spin correlations are described within an effective Heisenberg Hamiltonian, derived from the Hubbard Hamiltonian, with super-exchange couplings modulated by an effective electric field. Additionally a homogenous magnetic field is applied to completely break the degeneracy of the system. We show that entanglement is generated in the subspace of doublet states with different pairwise spin correlations for the ground and excited states. At low temperatures thermal mixing between the doublets with the same spin destroys entanglement, however one can observe its restoration at higher temperatures due to the mixing of the states with an opposite spin orientation or with quadruplets (unentangled states) always destroys entanglement. Pairwise entanglement is quantified using concurrence for which analytical formulae are derived in various thermal mixing scenarios. The electric field plays a specific role -- it breaks the symmetry of the system and changes spin correlations. Rotating the electric field can create maximally entangled qubit pairs together with a separate spin (monogamy) that survives in a relatively wide temperature range providing robust pairwise entanglement generation at elevated temperatures.
We report the first measurement of monoenergetic muon neutrino charged current interactions. MiniBooNE has isolated 236 MeV muon neutrino events originating from charged kaon decay at rest ($K^+ rightarrow mu^+ u_mu$) at the NuMI beamline absorber. These signal $ u_mu$-carbon events are distinguished from primarily pion decay in flight $ u_mu$ and $overline{ u}_mu$ backgrounds produced at the target station and decay pipe using their arrival time and reconstructed muon energy. The significance of the signal observation is at the 3.9$sigma$ level. The muon kinetic energy, neutrino-nucleus energy transfer ($omega=E_ u-E_mu$), and total cross section for these events is extracted. This result is the first known-energy, weak-interaction-only probe of the nucleus to yield a measurement of $omega$ using neutrinos, a quantity thus far only accessible through electron scattering.
In this work, we have studied the total scattering cross section ($sigma$), differential scattering cross section ($dsigma/dQ^2$) as well as the longitudinal ($P_L(E_e,Q^2)$), perpendicular ($P_P(E_e,Q^2)$), and transverse ($P_T(E_e,Q^2)$) components of the polarization of the final hadron ($n$, $ Lambda$ and $Sigma^0$) produced in the electron proton scattering induced by the weak charged current. We have not assumed T-invariance which allows the transverse component of the hadron polarization perpendicular to the production plane to be non-zero. The numerical results are presented for all the above observables and their dependence on the axial vector form factor and the weak electric form factor are discussed. The present study enables the determination of the axial vector nucleon-hyperon transition form factors at high $ Q^2$ in the strangeness sector which can provide test of the symmetries of the weak hadronic currents like T-invariance and SU(3) symmetry while assuming the hypothesis of conserved vector current and partial conservation of axial vector current.
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