Probabilistic Jacobian-based Saliency Maps Attacks

Neural network classifiers (NNCs) are known to be vulnerable to malicious adversarial perturbations of inputs including those modifying a small fraction of the input features named sparse or $L_0$ attacks. Effective and fast $L_0$ attacks, such as the widely used Jacobian-based Saliency Map Attack (JSMA) are practical to fool NNCs but also to improve their robustness. In this paper, we show that penalising saliency maps of JSMA by the output probabilities and the input features of the NNC allows to obtain more powerful attack algorithms that better take into account each inputs characteristics. This leads us to introduce improv