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Register a new userA stronger form of Neumanns BFC-theorem
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Given a group $G$, we write $x^G$ for the conjugacy class of $G$ containing the element $x$. A famous theorem of B. H. Neumann states that if $G$ is a group in which all conjugacy classes are finite with bounded size, then the derived group $G$ is finite. We establish the following result. Let $n$ be a positive integer and $K$ a subgroup of a group $G$ such that $|x^G|leq n$ for each $xin K$. Let $H=langle K^Grangle$ be the normal closure of $K$. Then the order of the derived group $H$ is finite and $n$-bounded. Some corollaries of this result are also discussed.
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In a recent paper by L. A. Bokut, V. V. Chaynikov and K. P. Shum in 2007, Braid group $B_n$ is represented by Artin-Buraus relations. For such a representation, it is told that all other compositions can be checked in the same way. In this note, we support this claim and check all compositions.
Macro-realism is the position that certain macroscopic observables must always possess definite values: e.g. the table is in some definite position, even if we dont know what that is precisely. The traditional understanding is that by assuming macro-realism one can derive the Leggett-Garg inequalities, which constrain the possible statistics from certain experiments. Since quantum experiments can violate the Leggett-Garg inequalities, this is taken to rule out the possibility of macro-realism in a quantum universe. However, recent analyses have exposed loopholes in the Leggett-Garg argument, which allow many types of macro-realism to be compatible with quantum theory and hence violation of the Leggett-Garg inequalities. This paper takes a different approach to ruling out macro-realism and the result is a no-go theorem for macro-realism in quantum theory that is stronger than the Leggett-Garg argument. This approach uses the framework of ontological models: an elegant way to reason about foundational issues in quantum theory which has successfully produced many other recent results, such as the PBR theorem.
In this paper we will present the results of Artin--Markov on braid groups by using the Groebner--Shirshov basis. As a consequence we can reobtain the normal form of Artin--Markov--Ivanovsky as an easy corollary.
Quantum measurements can be interpreted as a generalisation of probability vectors, in which non-negative real numbers are replaced by positive semi-definite operators. We extrapolate this analogy to define a generalisation of doubly stochastic matrices that we call doubly normalised tensors (DNTs), and formulate a corresponding version of Birkhoff-von Neumanns theorem, which states that permutations are the extremal points of the set of doubly stochastic matrices. We prove that joint measurability arises as a mathematical feature of DNTs in this context, needed to establish a characterisation similar to Birkhoff-von Neumanns. Conversely, we also show that DNTs emerge naturally from a particular instance of a joint measurability problem, remarking its relevance in general operator theory.
The concept of a classical player, corresponding to a classical random variable, is extended to include quantum random variables in the form of self adjoint operators on infinite dimensional Hilbert space. A quantum version of Von Neumanns Minimax theorem for infinite dimensional (or continuous) games is proved.
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