No Arabic abstract
In this paper we are interested in finding and evaluating cardinal characteristics of the continuum that appear in large-scale topology, usually as the smallest weights of coarse structures that belong to certain classes (indiscrete, inseparated, large) of finitary or locally finite coarse structures on $omega$. Besides well-known cardinals $mathfrak b,mathfrak d,mathfrak c$ we shall encounter two new cardinals $mathsf Delta$ and $mathsf Sigma$, defined as the smallest weight of a finitary coarse structure on $omega$ which contains no discrete subspaces and no asymptotically separated sets, respectively. We prove that $max{mathfrak b,mathfrak s,mathrm{cov}(mathcal N)}lemathsf Deltalemathsf Sigmalemathrm{non}(mathcal M)$, but we do not know if the cardinals $mathsf Delta,mathsf Sigma,mathrm{non}(mathcal M)$ can be distinguished in suitable models of ZFC.
DAquino, Knight and Starchenko classified the countable real closed fields with integer parts that are nonstandard models of Peano Arithmetic. We rule out some possibilities for extending their results to the uncountable and study real closures of $omega_1$-like models of PA.
We study the extension of the Kechris-Solecki-Todorcevic dichotomy on analytic graphs to dimensions higher than 2. We prove that the extension is possible in any dimension, finite or infinite. The original proof works in the case of the finite dimension. We first prove that the natural extension does not work in the case of the infinite dimension, for the notion of continuous homomorphism used in the original theorem. Then we solve the problem in the case of the infinite dimension. Finally, we prove that the natural extension works in the case of the infinite dimension, but for the notion of Baire-measurable homomorphism.
We study the analytic digraphs of uncountable Borel chromatic number on Polish spaces, and compare them with the notion of injective Borel homomorphism. We provide some minimal digraphs incomparable with G 0. We also prove the existence of antichains of size continuum, and that there is no finite basis. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 03E15, 54H05
Recent experimental results on the static or quasistatic response of granular materials have been interpreted to suggest the inapplicability of the traditional engineering approaches, which are based on elasto-plastic models (which are elliptic in nature). Propagating (hyperbolic) or diffusive (parabolic) models have been proposed to replace the `old models. Since several recent experiments were performed on small systems, one should not really be surprised that (continuum) elasticity, a macroscopic theory, is not directly applicable, and should be replaced by a grain-scale (``microscopic) description. Such a description concerns the interparticle forces, while a macroscopic description is given in terms of the stress field. These descriptions are related, but not equivalent, and the distinction is important in interpreting the experimental results. There are indications that at least some large scale properties of granular assemblies can be described by elasticity, although not necessarily its isotropic version. The purely repulsive interparticle forces (in non-cohesive materials) may lead to modifications of the contact network upon the application of external forces, which may strongly affect the anisotropy of the system. This effect is expected to be small (in non-isostatic systems) for small applied forces and for pre-stressed systems (in particular for disordered systems). Otherwise, it may be accounted for using a nonlinear, incrementally elastic model, with stress-history dependent elastic moduli. Although many features of the experiments may be reproduced using models of frictionless particles, results demonstrating the importance of accounting for friction are presented.
We consider the conditions under which a rotating magnetic object can produce a magnetically powered outflow in an initially unmagnetized medium stratified under gravity. 3D MHD simulations are presented in which the footpoints of localized, arcade-shaped magnetic fields are put into rotation. It is shown how the effectiveness in producing a collimated magnetically powered outflow depends on the rotation rate, the strength and the geometry of the field. The flows produced by uniformly rotating, non-axisymmetric fields are found to consist mainly of buoyant plumes heated by dissipation of rotational energy. Collimated magnetically powered flows are formed if the field and the rotating surface are arranged such that a toroidal magnetic field is produced. This requires a differential rotation of the arcades footpoints. Such jets are well-collimated; we follow their propagation through the stratified atmosphere over 100 times the source size. The magnetic field is tightly wound and its propagation is dominated by the development of non-axisymmetric instabilities. We observe a Poynting flux conversion efficiency of over 75% in the longest simulations. Applications to the collapsar model and protostellar jets are discussed.