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We introduce the notions of $(G,q)$-opers and Miura $(G,q)$-opers, where $G$ is a simply-connected complex simple Lie group, and prove some general results about their structure. We then establish a one-to-one correspondence between the set of $(G,q)$-opers of a certain kind and the set of nondegenerate solutions of a system of Bethe Ansatz equations. This may be viewed as a $q$DE/IM correspondence between the spectra of a quantum integrable model (IM) and classical geometric objects ($q$-differential equations). If $mathfrak{g}$ is simply-laced, the Bethe Ansatz equations we obtain coincide with the equations that appear in the quantum integrable model of XXZ-type associated to the quantum affine algebra $U_q widehat{mathfrak{g}}$. However, if $mathfrak{g}$ is non-simply laced, then these equations correspond to a different integrable model, associated to $U_q {}^Lwidehat{mathfrak{g}}$ where $^Lwidehat{mathfrak{g}}$ is the Langlands dual (twisted) affine algebra. A key element in this $q$DE/IM correspondence is the $QQ$-system that has appeared previously in the study of the ODE/IM correspondence and the Grothendieck ring of the category ${mathcal O}$ of the relevant quantum affine algebra.
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In this paper, we describe a certain kind of $q$-connections on a projective line, namely $Z$-twisted $(G,q)$-opers with regular singularities using the language of generalized minors. In part one arXiv:2002.07344 we explored the correspondence between these $q$-connections and $QQ$-systems/Bethe Ansatz equations. Here we associate to a $Z$-twisted $(G,q)$-oper a class of meromorphic sections of a $G$-bundle, satisfying certain difference equations, which we refer to as generalized $q$-Wronskians. Among other things, we show that the $QQ$-systems and their extensions emerge as the relations between generalized minors, thereby putting the Bethe Ansatz equations in the framework of cluster mutations known in the theory of double Bruhat cells.
We define and study the space of $q$-opers associated with Bethe equations for integrable models of XXZ type with quantum toroidal algebra symmetry. Our construction is suggested by the study of the enumerative geometry of cyclic quiver varieties, in particular, the ADHM moduli spaces. We define $(overline{GL}(infty),q)$-opers with regular singularities and then, by imposing various analytic conditions on singularities, arrive at the desired Bethe equations for toroidal $q$-opers.
A special case of the geometric Langlands correspondence is given by the relationship between solutions of the Bethe ansatz equations for the Gaudin model and opers - connections on the projective line with extra structure. In this paper, we describe a deformation of this correspondence for $SL(N)$. We introduce a difference equation version of opers called $q$-opers and prove a $q$-Langlands correspondence between nondegenerate solutions of the Bethe ansatz equations for the XXZ model and nondegenerate twisted $q$-opers with regular singularities on the projective line. We show that the quantum/classical duality between the XXZ spin chain and the trigonometric Ruijsenaars-Schneider model may be viewed as a special case of the $q$-Langlands correspondence. We also describe an application of $q$-opers to the equivariant quantum $K$-theory of the cotangent bundles to partial flag varieties.
We review the exact treatment of the pairing correlation functions in the canonical ensemble. The key for the calculations has been provided by relating the discrete BCS model to known integrable theories corresponding to the so called Gaudin magnets with suitable boundary terms. In the present case the correlation functions can be accessed beyond the formal level, allowing the description of the cross-over from few electrons to the thermodynamic limit. In particular, we summarize the results on the finite size scaling behavior of the canonical pairing clarifying some puzzles emerged in the past. Some recent developments and applications are outlined.
We investigate two solvable models for Bose-Einstein condensates and extract physical information by studying the structure of the solutions of their Bethe ansatz equations. A careful observation of these solutions for the ground state of both models, as we vary some parameters of the Hamiltonian, suggests a connection between the behavior of the roots of the Bethe ansatz equations and the physical behavior of the models. Then, by the use of standard techniques for approaching quantum phase transition - gap, entanglement and fidelity - we find that the change in the scenery in the roots of the Bethe ansatz equations is directly related to a quantum phase transition, thus providing an alternative method for its detection.
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