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The Abstract Machinery of Interaction (Long Version)

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 Added by Gabriele Vanoni
 Publication date 2020
and research's language is English




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This paper revisits the Interaction Abstract Machine (IAM), a machine based on Girards Geometry of Interaction, introduced by Mackie and Danos & Regnier. It is an unusual machine, not relying on environments, presented on linear logic proof nets, and whose soundness proof is convoluted and passes through various other formalisms. Here we provide a new direct proof of its correctness, based on a variant of Sandss improvements, a natural notion of bisimulation. Moreover, our proof is carried out on a new presentation of the IAM, defined as a machine acting directly on $lambda$-terms, rather than on linear logic proof nets.

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The space complexity of functional programs is not well understood. In particular, traditional implementation techniques are tailored to time efficiency, and space efficiency induces time inefficiencies, as it prefers re-computing to saving. Girards geometry of interaction underlies an alternative approach based on the interaction abstract machine (IAM), claimed as space efficient in the literature. It has also been conjectured to provide a reasonable notion of space for the lambda-calculus, but such an important result seems to be elusive. In this paper we introduce a new intersection type system precisely measuring the space consumption of the IAM on the typed term. Intersection types have been repeatedly used to measure time, which they achieve by dropping idempotency, turning intersections into multisets. Here we show that the space consumption of the IAM is connected to a further structural modification, turning multisets into trees. Tree intersection types lead to a finer understanding of some space complexity results from the literature. They also shed new light on the conjecture about reasonable space: we show that the usual way of encoding Turing machines into the lambda calculus cannot be used to prove that the space of the IAM is a reasonable cost model.
We graft synchronization onto Girards Geometry of Interaction in its most concrete form, namely token machines. This is realized by introducing proof-nets for SMLL, an extension of multiplicative linear logic with a specific construct modeling synchronization points, and of a multi-token abstract machine model for it. Interestingly, the correctness criterion ensures the absence of deadlocks along reduction and in the underlying machine, this way linking logical and operational properties.
Probabilistic transition system specifications (PTSSs) in the $nt mu ftheta / ntmu xtheta$ format provide structural operational semantics for Segala-type systems that exhibit both probabilistic and nondeterministic behavior and guarantee that bisimilarity is a congruence for all operator defined in such format. Starting from the $nt mu ftheta / ntmu xtheta$ format, we obtain restricted formats that guarantee that three coarser bisimulation equivalences are congruences. We focus on (i) Segalas variant of bisimulation that considers combined transitions, which we call here convex bisimulation; (ii) the bisimulation equivalence resulting from considering Park & Milners bisimulation on the usual stripped probabilistic transition system (translated into a labelled transition system), which we call here probability obliterated bisimulation; and (iii) a probability abstracted bisimulation, which, like bisimulation, preserves the structure of the distributions but instead, it ignores the probability values. In addition, we compare these bisimulation equivalences and provide a logic characterization for each of them.
Type-two constructions abound in cryptography: adversaries for encryption and authentication schemes, if active, are modeled as algorithms having access to oracles, i.e. as second-order algorithms. But how about making cryptographic schemes themselves higher-order? This paper gives an answer to this question, by first describing why higher-order cryptography is interesting as an object of study, then showing how the concept of probabilistic polynomial time algorithm can be generalized so as to encompass algorithms of order strictly higher than two, and finally proving some positive and negative results about the existence of higher-order cryptographic primitives, namely authentication schemes and pseudorandom functions.
It is well-known that constructing models of higher-order probabilistic programming languages is challenging. We show how to construct step-indexed logical relations for a probabilistic extension of a higher-order programming language with impredicative polymorphism and recursive types. We show that the resulting logical relation is sound and complete with respect to the contextual preorder and, moreover, that it is convenient for reasoning about concrete program equivalences. Finally, we extend the language with dynamically allocated first-order references and show how to extend the logical relation to this language. We show that the resulting relation remains useful for reasoning about examples involving both state and probabilistic choice.
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