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Register a new userScattering Amplitudes and Simple Canonical Forms for Simple Polytopes
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We provide an efficient recursive formula to compute the canonical forms of arbitrary $d$-dimensional simple polytopes, which are convex polytopes such that every vertex lies precisely on $d$ facets. For illustration purposes, we explicitly derive recursive formulae for the canonical forms of Stokes polytopes, which play a similar role for a theory with quartic interaction as the Associahedron does in planar bi-adjoint $phi^3$ theory. As a by-product, our formula also suggests a new way to obtain the full planar amplitude in $phi^4$ theory by taking suitable limits of the canonical forms of constituent Stokes polytopes.
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In this thesis, we investigate the low-energy expansion of scattering amplitudes of closed strings at one-loop level (i.e. at genus one) in a ten-dimensional Minkowski background using a special class of functions called modular graph forms. These allow for a systematic evaluation of the low-energy expansion and satisfy many non-trivial algebraic and differential relations. We study these relations in detail, leading to basis decompositions for a large number of modular graph forms which greatly reduce the complexity of the expansions of the integrals appearing in the amplitude. One of the results of this thesis is a Mathematica package which automatizes these simplifications. We use these techniques to compute the leading low-energy orders of the scattering amplitude of four gluons in the heterotic string at one-loop level. Furthermore, we study a generating function which conjecturally contains the torus integrals of all perturbative closed-string theories. We write this generating function in terms of iterated integrals of holomorphic Eisenstein series and use this approach to arrive at a more rigorous characterization of the space of modular graph forms than was possible before. For tree-level string amplitudes, the single-valued map of multiple zeta values maps open-string amplitudes to closed-string amplitudes. The definition of a suitable one-loop generalization, a so-called elliptic single-valued map, is an active area of research and we provide a new perspective on this topic using our generating function of torus integrals. The original version of this thesis, as submitted in June 2020 to the Humboldt University Berlin, is available under the DOI 10.18452/21829. The present text contains minor updates compared to this version, reflecting further developments in the literature, in particular concerning the construction of an elliptic single-valued map.
Recent years have seen a surprising connection between the physics of scattering amplitudes and a class of mathematical objects--the positive Grassmannian, positive loop Grassmannians, tree and loop Amplituhedra--which have been loosely referred to as positive geometries. The connection between the geometry and physics is provided by a unique differential form canonically determined by the property of having logarithmic singularities (only) on all the boundaries of the space, with residues on each boundary given by the canonical form on that boundary. In this paper we initiate an exploration of positive geometries and canonical forms as objects of study in their own right in a more general mathematical setting. We give a precise definition of positive geometries and canonical forms, introduce general methods for finding forms for more complicated positive geometries from simpler ones, and present numerous examples of positive geometries in projective spaces, Grassmannians, and toric, cluster and flag varieties. We also illustrate a number of strategies for computing canonical forms which yield interesting representations for the forms associated with wide classes of positive geometries, ranging from the simplest Amplituhedra to new expressions for the volume of arbitrary convex polytopes.
Let $G$ be a finite graph allowing loops, having no multiple edge and no isolated vertex. We associate $G$ with the edge polytope ${cal P}_G$ and the toric ideal $I_G$. By classifying graphs whose edge polytope is simple, it is proved that the toric ideals $I_G$ of $G$ possesses a quadratic Grobner basis if the edge polytope ${cal P}_G$ of $G$ is simple. It is also shown that, for a finite graph $G$, the edge polytope is simple but not a simplex if and only if it is smooth but not a simplex. Moreover, the Ehrhart polynomial and the normalized volume of simple edge polytopes are computed.
In this paper we provide a formula for the canonical differential form of the hypersimplex $Delta_{k,n}$ for all $n$ and $k$. We also study the generalization of the momentum amplituhedron $mathcal{M}_{n,k}$ to $m=2$, and we conclude that the existing definition does not possess the desired properties. Nevertheless, we find interesting momentum amplituhedron-like logarithmic differential forms in the $m=2$ version of the spinor helicity space, that have the same singularity structure as the hypersimplex canonical forms.
Any totally positive $(k+m)times n$ matrix induces a map $pi_+$ from the positive Grassmannian ${rm Gr}_+(k,n)$ to the Grassmannian ${rm Gr}(k,k+m)$, whose image is the amplituhedron $mathcal{A}_{n,k,m}$ and is endowed with a top-degree form called the canonical form ${bfOmega}(mathcal{A}_{n,k,m})$. This construction was introduced by Arkani-Hamed and Trnka, where they showed that ${bfOmega}(mathcal{A}_{n,k,4})$ encodes scattering amplitudes in $mathcal{N}=4$ super Yang-Mills theory. Moreover, the computation of ${bfOmega}(mathcal{A}_{n,k,m})$ is reduced to finding the triangulations of $mathcal{A}_{n,k,m}$. However, while triangulations of polytopes are fully captured by their secondary polytopes, the study of triangulations of objects beyond polytopes is still underdeveloped. We initiate the geometric study of subdivisions of $mathcal{A}_{n,k,m}$ and provide a concrete birational parametrization of fibers of $pi: {rm Gr}(k,n)dashrightarrow {rm Gr}(k,k+m)$. We then use this to explicitly describe a rational top-degree form $omega_{n,k,m}$ (with simple poles) on the fibers and compute ${bfOmega}(mathcal{A}_{n,k,m})$ as a summation of certain residues of $omega_{n,k,m}$. As main application of our approach, we develop a well-structured notion of secondary amplituhedra for conjugate to polytopes, i.e. when $n-k-1=m$ (even). We show that, in this case, each fiber of $pi$ is parametrized by a projective space and its volume form $omega_{n,k,m}$ has only poles on a hyperplane arrangement. Using such linear structures, for amplituhedra which are cyclic polytopes or conjugate to polytopes, we show that the Jeffrey-Kirwan residue computes ${bfOmega}(mathcal{A}_{n,k,m})$ from $omega_{n,k,m}$. Finally, we propose a more general framework of fiber positive geometries and analyze new families of examples such as fiber polytopes and Grassmann polytopes.
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