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Register a new userSecond harmonic generation as a probe of broken mirror symmetry
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The notion of spontaneous symmetry breaking has been used to describe phase transitions in a variety of physical systems. In crystalline solids, the breaking of certain symmetries, such as mirror symmetry, is difficult to detect unambiguously. Using 1$T$-TaS$_2$, we demonstrate here that rotational-anisotropy second harmonic generation (RA-SHG) is not only a sensitive technique for the detection of broken mirror symmetry, but also that it can differentiate between mirror symmetry-broken structures of opposite planar chirality. We also show that our analysis is applicable to a wide class of different materials with mirror symmetry-breaking transitions. Lastly, we find evidence for bulk mirror symmetry-breaking in the incommensurate charge density wave phase of 1$T$-TaS$_2$. Our results pave the way for RA-SHG to probe candidate materials where broken mirror symmetry may play a pivotal role.
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We propose the possible detection of broken mirror symmetries in correlated two-dimensional materials by elastotransport measurements. Using linear response theory we calculate the shearconductivity $Gamma_{xx,xy}$, defined as the linear change of the longitudinal conductivity $sigma_{xx}$ due to a shear strain $epsilon_{xy}$. This quantity can only be non-vanishing when in-plane mirror symmetries are broken and we discuss how candidate states in the cuprate pseudogap regime (e.g. various loop current or charge orders) may exhibit a finite shearconductivity. We also provide a realistic experimental protocol for detecting such a response.
Nonreciprocal devices that allow the light propagation in only one direction are indispensable in photonic circuits and emerging quantum technologies. Contemporary optical isolators and circulators, however, require large size or strong magnetic fields because of the general weakness of magnetic light-matter interactions, which hinders their integration into photonic circuits. Aiming at stronger magneto-optical couplings, a promising approach is to utilize nonlinear optical processes. Here, we demonstrate nonreciprocal magnetoelectric second harmonic generation (SHG) in CuB2O4. SHG transmission changes by almost 100% in a magnetic-field reversal of just 10 mT. The observed nonreciprocity results from an interference between the magnetic-dipole- and electric-dipole-type SHG. Even though the former is usually notoriously smaller than the latter, it is found that a resonantly enhanced magnetic-dipole-transition has a comparable amplitude as non-resonant electric-dipole-transition, leading to the near-perfect nonreciprocity. This mechanism could form one of the fundamental bases of nonreciprocity in multiferroics, which is transferable to a plethora of magnetoelectric systems to realize future nonreciprocal and nonlinear-optical devices.
Strong second-harmonic generation has recently been experimentally observed from metamaterials consisting of periodic arrays of metal split ring resonators with an effective negative magnetic permeability [Science, 313, 502 (2006)]. To explore the underlying physical mechanism, a classical model derived from microscopic theory is employed here. The quasi-free electrons inside the metal are approximated as a classical Coulomb-interacting electron gas, and their motion under the excitation of an external electromagnetic field is described by the cold-plasma wave equations. Through numerical simulations, it is demonstrated that the microscopic theory includes the dominant physical mechanisms bothqualitatively and quantitatively.
A new concept for second-harmonic generation (SHG) in an optical nanocircuit is proposed. We demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally that the symmetry of an optical mode alone is sufficient to allow SHG even in centro-symmetric structures made of centro-symmetric material. The concept is realized using a plasmonic two-wire transmission-line (TWTL), which simultaneously supports a symmetric and an anti-symmetric mode. We first confirm the generated second-harmonics belong only to the symmetric mode of the TWTL when fundamental excited modes are either purely symmetric or anti-symmetric. We further switch the emission into the anti-symmetric mode when a controlled mixture of the fundamental modes is excited simultaneously. Our results open up a new degree of freedom into the designs of nonlinear optical components, and should pave a new avenue towards multi-functional nanophotonic circuitry.
Optical second-harmonic generation is demonstrated to be a sensitive probe of the buried interface between the lattice matched semiconductors gallium phosphide and silicon with (001) orientation. Rotational anisotropy measurements of SHG from GaP/Si show a strong isotropic component of the response not present for pure Si(001) or GaP(001). The strength of the overlaying anisotropic response directly correlates with the quality of the interface as determined by atomically resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy.Optical second-harmonic generation is demonstrated to be a sensitive probe of the buried interface between the lattice matched semiconductors gallium phosphide and silicon with (001) orientation. Rotational anisotropy measurements of SHG from GaP/Si show a strong isotropic component of the response not present for pure Si(001) or GaP(001). The strength of the overlaying anisotropic response directly correlates with the quality of the interface as determined by atomically resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy. Systematic comparison of samples fabricated with different growth modes in metal organic vapor phase epitaxy reveals that the anisotropy for different polarization combinations can be used as a selective fingerprint for the occurrence of anti-phase domains and twins. This all-optical technique can be applied as an {it in-situ} and non-invasive monitor even during growth. Systematic comparison of samples fabricated with different growth modes in metal organic vapor phase epitaxy reveals that the anisotropy for different polarization combinations can be used as a selective fingerprint for the occurrence of anti-phase domains and twins. This all-optical technique can be applied as an {it in-situ} and non-invasive monitor even during growth.
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