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Register a new userThree-Component Kinematics of Multiple Stellar Populations in Globular Clusters with Gaia and VLT
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The internal dynamics of multiple stellar populations in Globular Clusters (GCs) provides unique constraints on the physical processes responsible for their formation. Specifically, the present-day kinematics of cluster stars, such as rotation and velocity-dispersion, could be related to the initial configuration of the system. In recent work, we provided the first study of the kinematics of different stellar populations in NGC$,$0104 over a large field of view in the plane of the sky, exploiting Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2) proper motions combined with multi-band ground-based photometry. In this paper, we combine Gaia DR2 proper motions with Very Large Telescope radial velocities to investigate the kinematics along the line of sight and in the plane of the sky of multiple populations in seven GCs, namely NGC$,$0104, NGC$,$0288, NGC$,$5904, NGC$,$6121, NGC$,$6254, NGC$,$6752 and NGC$,$6838. Among the analyzed clusters only NGC$,$0104 and NGC$,$5904 show significant rotation. Separating our sample into two groups of first- and second-population stars (1P and 2P) we find that overall these two populations exhibit a similar rotation pattern in NGC$,$0104. However, some hints of different rotation are observed in the external regions of this cluster. Interestingly, 1P and 2P stars in NGC$,$5904 show different rotation curves, with distinct phases and such difference is significant at the $sim$2.5-$sigma$ level. The analysis of the velocity-dispersion profiles of multiple populations confirms that 2P stars of NGC$,$0104 show stronger anisotropy than the 1P.
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The internal dynamics of multiple stellar populations in Globular Clusters (GCs) provides unique constraints on the physical processes responsible for their formation. Specifically, the present-day kinematics of cluster stars, such as rotation and velocity dispersion, seems to be related to the initial configuration of the system. In recent work (Milone et al. 2018), we analyzed for the first time the kinematics of the different stellar populations in NGC0104 (47Tucanae) over a large field of view, exploiting the Gaia Data Release 2 proper motions combined with multi-band ground-based photometry. In this paper, based on the work by Cordoni et al. (2019), we extend this analysis to six GCs, namely NGC0288, NGC5904 (M5), NGC6121 (M4), NGC6752, NGC6838 (M71) and further explore NGC0104. Among the analyzed clusters only NGC0104 and NGC5904 show significant rotation on the plane of the sky. Interestingly, multiple stellar populations in NGC5904 exhibit different rotation curves.
The origin of multiple stellar populations in Globular Clusters (GCs) is one of the greatest mysteries of modern stellar astrophysics. N-body simulations suggest that the present-day dynamics of GC stars can constrain the events that occurred at high redshift and led to the formation of multiple populations. Here, we combine multi-band photometry from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and ground-based facilities with HST and Gaia Data Release 2 proper motions to investigate the spatial distributions and the motions in the plane of the sky of multiple populations in the type II GCs NGC 5139 ($omega,$Centauri) and NGC 6656 (M 22). We first analyzed stellar populations with different metallicities. Fe-poor and Fe-rich stars in M 22 share similar spatial distributions and rotation patterns and exhibit similar isotropic motions. Similarly, the two main populations with different iron abundance in $omega,$Centauri share similar ellipticities and rotation patterns. When analyzing different radial regions, we find that the rotation amplitude decreases from the center towards the external regions. Fe-poor and Fe-rich stars of $omega,$Centauri are radially anisotropic in the central region and show similar degrees of anisotropy. We also investigate the stellar populations with different light-element abundances and find that their N-rich stars exhibit higher ellipticity than N-poor stars. In $omega,$Centauri Centauri both stellar groups are radially anisotropic. Interestingly, N-rich, Fe-rich stars exhibit different rotation patterns than N-poor stars with similar metallicities. The stellar populations with different nitrogen of M 22 exhibit similar rotation patterns and isotropic motions. We discuss these findings in the context of the formation of multiple populations.
Multiple stellar populations (MPs) are a distinct characteristic of Globular Clusters (GCs). Their general properties have been widely studied among main sequence, red giant branch (RGB) and horizontal branch (HB) stars, but a common framework is still missing at later evolutionary stages. We studied the MP phenomenon along the AGB sequences in 58 GCs, observed with the Hubble Space Telescope in ultraviolet (UV) and optical filters. By using UV-optical color-magnitude diagrams, we selected the AGB members of each cluster and identified the AGB candidates of the metal-enhanced population in type II GCs. We studied the photometric properties of AGB stars and compared them to theoretical models derived from synthetic spectra analysis. We observe the following features: i) the spread of AGB stars in photometric indices sensitive to variations of light-elements and helium is typically larger than that expected from photometric errors; ii) the fraction of metal-enhanced stars in the AGB is lower than in the RGB in most of the type II GCs; iii) the fraction of 1G stars derived from the chromosome map of AGB stars in 15 GCs is larger than that of RGB stars; v) the AGB/HB frequency correlates with the average mass of the most helium-enriched population. These findings represent a clear evidence of the presence of MPs along the AGB of Galactic GCs and indicate that a significant fraction of helium-enriched stars, which have lower mass in the HB, does not evolve to the AGB phase, leaving the HB sequence towards higher effective temperatures, as predicted by the AGB-manque scenario.
We examine the photometric data for Fornax clusters, focussing our attention on their horizontal branch color distribution and, when available, on the RR Lyr variables fraction and period distribution. Based on our understanding of the HB morphology in terms of varying helium content in the context of multiple stellar generations, we show that clusters F2, F3 and F5 must contain substantial fractions of second generation stars (~54-65%). On the basis of a simple chemical evolution model we show that the helium distribution in these clusters can be reproduced by models with cluster initial masses ranging from values equal to ~4 to ~10 times larger than the current masses. Models with a very short second generation star formation episode can also reproduce the observed helium distribution but require larger initial masses up to about twenty times the current mass. While the lower limit of this range of possible initial GC masses is consistent with those suggested by the observations of the low metallicity field stars, we also discuss the possibility that the metallicity scale of field stars (based on CaII triplet spectroscopy) and the metallicities derived for the clusters in Fornax may not be consistent with each other. The reproduction of the HB morphology in F2,F3,F5 requires two interesting hypotheses: 1) the first generation HB stars lie all at red colours. According to this interpretation, the low metallicity stars in the field of Fornax, populating the HB at colours bluer than the blue side ((V-I)o<=0.3 or (B-V)o<=0.2) of the RR Lyrs, should be second generation stars born in the clusters;a preliminary analysis of available colour surveys of Fornax field provides a fraction ~20% of blue HB stars, in the low metallicity range; 2) the mass loss from individual second generation red giants is a few percent of a solar mass larger than the mass loss from first generation stars.
Recent progress in studies of globular clusters has shown that they are not simple stellar populations, being rather made of multiple generations. Evidence stems both from photometry and spectroscopy. A new paradigm is then arising for the formation of massive star clusters, which includes several episodes of star formation. While this provides an explanation for several features of globular clusters, including the second parameter problem, it also opens new perspectives about the relation between globular clusters and the halo of our Galaxy, and by extension of all populations with a high specific frequency of globular clusters, such as, e.g., giant elliptical galaxies. We review progress in this area, focusing on the most recent studies. Several points remain to be properly understood, in particular those concerning the nature of the polluters producing the abundance pattern in the clusters and the typical timescale, the range of cluster masses where this phenomenon is active, and the relation between globular clusters and other satellites of our Galaxy.
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