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Register a new userIntroduction to flavour physics
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Jure Zupan
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We give a brief introduction to flavour physics. The first part covers the flavour structure of the Standard Model, how the Kobayashi-Maskawa mechanism is tested and provides examples of searches for new physics using flavour observables, such as meson mixing and rare decays. In the second part we give a brief overview of the recent flavour anomalies and how the Higgs can act as a new flavour probe.
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In this short presentation I emphasize the increased importance of kaon flavour physics in the search for new physics (NP) that we should witness in the rest of this decade and in the next decade. The main actors will be the branching ratios for the rare decays $K^+rightarrowpi^+ ubar u$ and $K_{L}rightarrowpi^0 ubar u$, to be measured by NA62 and KOTO, and their correlations with the ratio $varepsilon/varepsilon$ on which recently progress by lattice QCD and large $N$ dual QCD approach has been made implying a new flavour anomaly. Further correlations of $K^+rightarrowpi^+ ubar u$, $K_{L}rightarrowpi^0 ubar u$ and $varepsilon/varepsilon$ with $varepsilon_K$, $Delta M_K$, $K_Ltomu^+mu^-$ and $K_Ltopi^0ell^+ell^-$ will help us to identify indirectly possible NP at short distance scales. This talk summarizes the present highlights of this fascinating field including some results from concrete NP scenarios.
LHCb found hints for physics beyond the Standard Model (SM) in $Bto K^*mu^+mu^-$, $R(K)$ and $B_stophimu^+mu^-$. These intriguing hints for NP have recently been confirmed by the LHCb measurement of $R(K^*)$ giving a combined significance for NP above the $5,sigma$ level. In addition, the BABAR, BELLE and LHCb results for $Bto D^{(*)}tau u$ also point towards lepton flavour universality (LFU) violating new physics (NP). Furthermore, there is the long-standing discrepancy between the measurement and the theory prediction of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon ($a_mu$) at the $3,sigma$ level. Concerning NP effects, $bto smu^+mu^-$ data can be naturally explained with a new neutral gauge bosons, i.e. a $Z^prime$ but also with heavy new scalars and fermions contributing via box diagrams. Another promising solution to $bto smu^+mu^-$, which can also explain $Bto D^{(*)}tau u$, are leptoquarks. Interestingly, leptoquarks provide also a viable explanation of $a_mu$ which can be tested via correlated effects in $Ztomu^+mu^-$ at future colliders. Considering leptoquark models, we show that an explanation of $Bto D^{(*)}tau u$ predicts an enhancement of $bto stau^+tau^-$ processes by around three orders of magnitude compared to the SM. In case of a simultaneous explanation of $Bto D^{(*)}tau u$ and $bto smu^+mu^-$ data, sizable effects in $bto staumu$ processes are predicted.
Several experiments observed deviations from the Standard Model (SM) in the flavour sector: LHCb found a $4-5,sigma$ discrepancy compared to the SM in $bto smu^+mu^-$ transitions (recently supported by an Belle analysis) and CMS reported a non-zero measurement of $htomutau$ with a significance of $2.4,sigma$. Furthermore, BELLE, BABAR and LHCb founds hints for the violation of flavour universality in $Bto D^{(*)}tau u$. In addition, there is the long-standing discrepancy in the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. Interestingly, all these anomalies are related to muons and taus, while the corresponding electron channels seem to be SM like. This suggests that these deviations from the SM might be correlated and we briefly review some selected models providing simultaneous explanations.
Kaon flavour physics has played in the 1960s and 1970s a very important role in the construction of the Standard Model (SM) and in the 1980s and 1990s in SM tests with the help of CP violation in $K_Ltopipi$ decays represented by $varepsilon_K$ and the ratio $varepsilon/varepsilon$. In this millennium this role has been taken over by $B_{s,d}$ and $D$ mesons. However there is no doubt that in the coming years we will witness the return of kaon flavour physics with the highlights being the measurements of the theoretically clean branching ratios for the rare decays $K^+rightarrow pi^+ ubar u$ and $K_{L}rightarrowpi^0 ubar u$ and the improved SM predictions for the ratio $varepsilon/varepsilon$, for $varepsilon_K$ and the $K^0-bar K^0$ mixing mass difference $Delta M_K$. Theoretical progress on the decays $K_{L,S}tomu^+mu^-$ and $K_Ltopi^0ell^+ell^-$ is also expected. They all are very sensitive to new physics (NP) contributions and the correlations between them should help us to identify new dynamics at very short distance scales. These studies will be enriched when theory on the $Ktopipi$ isospin amplitudes ${rm Re} A_0$ and ${rm Re} A_2$ improves. This talk summarizes several aspects of this exciting field. In particular we emphasize the role of the Dual QCD approach in getting the insight into the numerical Lattice QCD results on $K^0-bar K^0$ mixing and $Ktopipi$ decays.
This chapter of the report of the ``Flavour in the era of the LHC Workshop discusses the theoretical, phenomenological and experimental issues related to flavour phenomena in the charged lepton sector and in flavour-conserving CP-violating processes. We review the current experimental limits and the main theoretical models for the flavour structure of fundamental particles. We analyze the phenomenological consequences of the available data, setting constraints on explicit models beyond the Standard Model, presenting benchmarks for the discovery potential of forthcoming measurements both at the LHC and at low energy, and exploring options for possible future experiments.
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