Proof-of-principle experimental demonstration of twin-field type quantum key distribution

The twin-field (TF) quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol and its variants are highly attractive because they can beat the well-known rate-loss limit (i.e., the PLOB bound) for QKD protocols without quantum repeaters. In this paper, we perform a proof-of-principle experimental demonstration of TF-QKD based on the protocol proposed by Curty et al. which removes from the original TF-QKD scheme the need for post-selection on the matching of a global phase, and can deliver nearly an order of magnitude higher secret key rate. Furthermore, we overcome the major difficulty in the practical implementation of TF-QKD, namely, the need to stabilize the phase of the quantum state over kilometers of fiber. A Sagnac loop structure is utilized to ensure excellent phase stability between the different parties. Using decoy states, we demonstrate secret-key generation rates that beat the PLOB bound when the channel loss is above 40 dB.