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Let $F_n$ be a free group of finite rank $n geq 2$. We prove that if $H$ is a subgroup of $F_n$ with $textrm{rk}(H)=2$ and $R$ is a retract of $F_n$, then $H cap R$ is a retract of $H$. However, for every $m geq 3$ and every $1 leq k leq n-1$, there exist a subgroup $H$ of $F_n$ of rank $m$ and a retract $R$ of $F_n$ of rank $k$ such that $H cap R$ is not a retract of $H$. This gives a complete answer to a question of Bergman. Furthermore, we provide positive evidence for the inertia conjecture of Dicks and Ventura. More precisely, we prove that $textrm{rk}(H cap textrm{Fix}(S)) leq textrm{rk}(H)$ for every family $S$ of endomorphisms of $F_n$ and every subgroup $H$ of $F_n$ with $textrm{rk}(H) leq 3$.
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Let $G$ be a simple algebraic group of type $G_2$ over an algebraically closed field of characteristic $2$. We give an example of a finite group $Gamma$ with Sylow $2$-subgroup $Gamma_2$ and an infinite family of pairwise non-conjugate homomorphisms $rhocolon Gammarightarrow G$ whose restrictions to $Gamma_2$ are all conjugate. This answers a question of Burkhard Kulshammer from 1995. We also give an action of $Gamma$ on a connected unipotent group $V$ such that the map of 1-cohomologies ${rm H}^1(Gamma,V)rightarrow {rm H}^1(Gamma_p,V)$ induced by restriction of 1-cocycles has an infinite fibre.
Let $G$ be a linear algebraic group over an algebraically closed field of characteristic $pgeq 0$. We show that if $H_1$ and $H_2$ are connected subgroups of $G$ such that $H_1$ and $H_2$ have a common maximal unipotent subgroup and $H_1/R_u(H_1)$ and $H_2/R_u(H_2)$ are semisimple, then $H_1$ and $H_2$ are $G$-conjugate. Moreover, we show that if $H$ is a semisimple linear algebraic group with maximal unipotent subgroup $U$ then for any algebraic group homomorphism $sigmacolon Urightarrow G$, there are only finitely many $G$-conjugacy classes of algebraic group homomorphisms $rhocolon Hrightarrow G$ such that $rho|_U$ is $G$-conjugate to $sigma$. This answers an analogue for connected algebraic groups of a question of B. Kulshammer. In Kulshammers original question, $H$ is replaced by a finite group and $U$ by a Sylow $p$-subgroup of $H$; the answer is then known to be no in general. We obtain some results in the general case when $H$ is non-connected and has positive dimension. Along the way, we prove existence and conjugacy results for maximal unipotent subgroups of non-connected linear algebraic groups. When $G$ is reductive, we formulate Kulshammers question and related conjugacy problems in terms of the nonabelian 1-cohomology of unipotent radicals of parabolic subgroups of $G$, and we give some applications of this cohomological approach. In particular, we analyse the case when $G$ is a semisimple group of rank 2.
We build two non-abelian CSA-groups in which maximal abelian subgroups are conjugate and divisible.
We solve a fundamental question posed in Frohardts 1988 paper [Fro] on finite $2$-groups with Kantor familes, by showing that finite groups with a Kantor family $(mathcal{F},mathcal{F}^*)$ having distinct members $A, B in mathcal{F}$ such that $A^* cap B^*$ is a central subgroup of $H$ and the quotient $H/(A^* cap B^*)$ is abelian cannot exist if the center of $H$ has exponent $4$ and the members of $mathcal{F}$ are elementary abelian. In a similar way, we solve another old problem dating back to the 1970s by showing that finite skew translation quadrangles of even order $(t,t)$ are always translation generalized quadrangles.
M.Newman has asked if it is the case that whenever H and K are isomorphic subgroups of a finite solvable group G with H maximal, then K is also maximal. This question was considered in a paper of I.M. Isaacs and the second author, where (among other things) the answer was shown to be affirmative if H has an Abelian Sylow 2-subgroup. Here, we show that the answer is affirmative unless the index of H is a power of a prime less than 5 and we obtain further restrictions on the structure of a purported minimal counterexample.
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