No Arabic abstract
A numerical approach for solving evolutionary partial differential equations in two and three space dimensions on block-based adaptive grids is presented. The numerical discretization is based on high-order, central finite-differences and explicit time integration. Grid refinement and coarsening are triggered by multiresolution analysis, i.e. thresholding of wavelet coefficients, which allow controlling the precision of the adaptive approximation of the solution with respect to uniform grid computations. The implementation of the scheme is fully parallel using MPI with a hybrid data structure. Load balancing relies on space filling curves techniques. Validation tests for 2D advection equations allow to assess the precision and performance of the developed code. Computations of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations for a temporally developing 2D mixing layer illustrate the properties of the code for nonlinear multi-scale problems. The code is open source.
Two methods for solid body representation in flow simulations available in the Pencil Code are the immersed boundary method and overset grids. These methods are quite different in terms of computational cost, flexibility and numerical accuracy. We present here an investigation of the use of the different methods with the purpose of assessing their strengths and weaknesses. At present, the overset grid method in the Pencil Code can only be used for representing cylinders in the flow. For this task it surpasses the immersed boundary method in yielding highly accurate solutions at moderate computational costs. This is partly due to local grid stretching and a body-conformal grid, and partly due to the possibility of working with local time step restrictions on different grids. The immersed boundary method makes up the lack of computational efficiency with flexibility in regards to application to complex geometries, due to a recent extension of the method that allows our implementation of it to represent arbitrarily shaped objects in the flow.
This work discusses the application of an affine reconstructed nodal DG method for unstructured grids of triangles. Solving the diffusion terms in the DG method is non-trivial due to the solution representations being piecewise continuous. Hence, the diffusive flux is not defined on the interface of elements. The proposed numerical approach reconstructs a smooth solution in a parallelogram that is enclosed by the quadrilateral formed by two adjacent triangle elements. The interface between these two triangles is the diagonal of the enclosed parallelogram. Similar to triangles, the mapping of parallelograms from a physical domain to a reference domain is an affine mapping, which is necessary for an accurate and efficient implementation of the numerical algorithm. Thus, all computations can still be performed on the reference domain, which promotes efficiency in computation and storage. This reconstruction does not make assumptions on choice of polynomial basis. Reconstructed DG algorithms have previously been developed for modal implementations of the convection-diffusion equations. However, to the best of the authors knowledge, this is the first practical guideline that has been proposed for applying the reconstructed algorithm on a nodal discontinuous Galerkin method with a focus on accuracy and efficiency. The algorithm is demonstrated on a number of benchmark cases as well as a challenging substantive problem in HED hydrodynamics with highly disparate diffusion parameters.
The Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations and the Large-Eddy Simulation equations can be coupled using a transition function to switch from a set of equations applied in some areas of a domain to the other set in the other part of the domain. Following this idea, different time integration schemes can be coupled. In this context, we developed a hybrid time integration scheme that spatially couples the explicit scheme of Heun and the implicit scheme of Crank and Nicolson using a dedicated transition function. This scheme is linearly stable and second-order accurate. In this paper, an extension of this hybrid scheme is introduced to deal with a temporal adaptive procedure. The idea is to treat the time integration procedure with unstructured grids as it is performed with Cartesian grids with local mesh refinement. Depending on its characteristic size, each mesh cell is assigned a rank. And for two cells from two consecutive ranks, the ratio of the associated time steps for time marching the solutions is $2$. As a consequence, the cells with the lowest rank iterate more than the other ones to reach the same physical time. In a finite-volume context, a key ingredient is to keep the conservation property for the interfaces that separate two cells of different ranks. After introducing the different schemes, the paper recalls briefly the coupling procedure, and details the extension to the temporal adaptive procedure. The new time integration scheme is validated with the propagation of 1D wave packet, the Sods tube, and the transport of a bi-dimensional vortex in an uniform flow.
A novel parallel technique for Fourier-Galerkin pseudo-spectral methods with applications to two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations and inviscid Boussinesq approximation equations is presented. It takes the advantage of the programming structure of the phase-shift de-aliased scheme for pseudo-spectral codes, and combines the task-distribution strategy [Yin, Clercx and Montgomery, Comput. Fluids, 33, 509 (2004)] and parallelized Fast Fourier Transform scheme. The performances of the resulting MPI Fortran90 codes with the new procedure on SGI 3800 are reported. For fixed resolution of the same problem, the peak speed of the new scheme can be twice as fast as the old parallel methods. The parallelized codes are used to solve some challenging numerical problems governed by the Navier-Stokes equations and the Boussinesq equations. Two interesting physical problems, namely, the double-valued $omega$-$psi $ structure in two-dimensional decaying turbulence and the collapse of the bubble cap in the Boussinesq simulation, are solved by using the proposed parallel algorithms.
MFC is an open-source tool for solving multi-component, multi-phase, and bubbly compressible flows. It is capable of efficiently solving a wide range of flows, including droplet atomization, shock-bubble interaction, and gas bubble cavitation. We present the 5- and 6-equation thermodynamically-consistent diffuse-interface models we use to handle such flows, which are coupled to high-order interface-capturing methods, HLL-type Riemann solvers, and TVD time-integration schemes that are capable of simulating unsteady flows with strong shocks. The numerical methods are implemented in a flexible, modular framework that is amenable to future development. The methods we employ are validated via comparisons to experimental results for shock-bubble, shock-droplet, and shock-water-cylinder interaction problems and verified to be free of spurious oscillations for material-interface advection and gas-liquid Riemann problems. For smooth solutions, such as the advection of an isentropic vortex, the methods are verified to be high-order accurate. Illustrative examples involving shock-bubble-vessel-wall and acoustic-bubble-net interactions are used to demonstrate the full capabilities of MFC.