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Register a new userImpact models of gravitational and electrostatic forces: Potential energies, atomic clocks, gravitational anomalies and redshift
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The far-reaching gravitational force is described by a heuristic impact model with hypothetical massless entities propagating at the speed of light in vacuum and transferring momentum and energy be- tween massive bodies through interactions on a local basis. In the original publication (Wilhelm et al. 2013), a spherical symmetric emission of secondary entities had been postulated. The potential energy problems in gravitationally and electrostatically bound two-body systems have been studied in the framework of this im- pact model of gravity and of a proposed impact model of the electrostatic force (Wilhelm et al. 2014). These studies have indicated that an anti-parallel emission of a secondary entity - now called graviton - with respect to the incoming one is more appropriate. This article is based on the latter choice and presents the modifications resulting from this change. The model has been applied to multiple interactions of gravitons in large mass conglomerations in several publications. They will be summarized here taking the modified interaction process into account. In addition, the speed of photons as a function of the gravitational potential are considered in this context together with the dependence of atomic clocks and the redshift on the gravitational potential.
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A physical process of the gravitational redshift was described in an earlier paper (Wilhelm & Dwivedi 2014) that did not require any information for the emitting atom neither on the local gravitational potential U nor on the speed of light c. Although it could be shown that the correct energy shift of the emitted photon resulted from energy and momentum conservation principles and the speed of light at the emission site, it was not obvious how this speed is controlled by the gravitational potential. The aim of this paper is to describe a physical process that can accomplish this control. We determine the local speed of light c by deducing a gravitational index of refraction nG as a function of the potential U assuming a specific aether model, in which photons propagate as solitons. Even though an atom cannot locally sense the gravitational potential U (cf. Muller et al. 2010), the gravitational redshift will nevertheless be determined by U (cf. Wolf et al. 2010)- mediated by the local speed of light c.
We propose a space-based gravitational wave detector consisting of two spatially separated, drag-free satellites sharing ultra-stable optical laser light over a single baseline. Each satellite contains an optical lattice atomic clock, which serves as a sensitive, narrowband detector of the local frequency of the shared laser light. A synchronized two-clock comparison between the satellites will be sensitive to the effective Doppler shifts induced by incident gravitational waves (GWs) at a level competitive with other proposed space-based GW detectors, while providing complementary features. The detected signal is a differential frequency shift of the shared laser light due to the relative velocity of the satellites, and the detection window can be tuned through the control sequence applied to the atoms internal states. This scheme enables the detection of GWs from continuous, spectrally narrow sources, such as compact binary inspirals, with frequencies ranging from ~3 mHz - 10 Hz without loss of sensitivity, thereby bridging the detection gap between space-based and terrestrial optical interferometric GW detectors. Our proposed GW detector employs just two satellites, is compatible with integration with an optical interferometric detector, and requires only realistic improvements to existing ground-based clock and laser technologies.
Recently there has been a lot of interest in the search for extra dimensions. If gravity propagates in extra dimensions then gravity would become as strong as other interactions. This could also lead to the production of mini black holes. Here we have discussed how even without considering extra dimensions gravitational effects of weak interactions could show up at TeV energies.
We investigate the constraints imposed by global gravitational anomalies on parity odd induced transport coefficients in even dimensions for theories with chiral fermions, gravitinos and self dual tensors. The $eta$-invariant for the large diffeomorphism corresponding to the $T$ transformation on a torus constraints the coefficients in the thermal effective action up to mod 2. We show that the result obtained for the parity odd transport for gravitinos using global anomaly matching is consistent with the direct perturbative calculation. In $d=6$ we see that the second Pontryagin class in the anomaly polynomial does not contribute to the $eta$-invariant which provides a topological explanation of this observation in the `replacement rule. We then perform a direct perturbative calculation for the contribution of the self dual tensor in $d=6$ to the parity odd transport coefficient using the Feynman rules proposed by Gaum{e} and Witten. The result for the transport coefficient agrees with that obtained using matching of global anomalies.
We explain our strong disagreement with the statement about several scientific errors in our paper [arXiv:1407.6619] and highlight the validity of our approach, which had been already confirmed in the well-known experiments by Millikan.
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