Let $K$ be an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0 that is complete with respect to a non-archimedean absolute value. We establish a locally uniform approximation formula of the Lyapunov exponent of a rational map $f$ of $mathbb{P}^1$ of degree $d>1$ over $K$, in terms of the multipliers of $n$-periodic points of $f$, with an explicit control in terms of $n$, $f$ and $K$. As an immediate consequence, we obtain an estimate for the blow-up of the Lyapunov exponent near a pole in one-dimensional families of rational maps over $K$. Combined with our former archimedean version, this non-archimedean quantitative approximation allows us to show: - a quantified version of Silvermans and Ingrams recent comparison between the critical height and any ample height on the moduli space $mathcal{M}_d(bar{mathbb{Q}})$, - two improvements of McMullens finiteness of the multiplier maps: reduction to multipliers of cycles of exact given period and an effective bound from below on the period, - a characterization of non-affine isotrivial rational maps defined over the function field $mathbb{C}(X)$ of a normal projective variety $X$ in terms of the growth of the degree of the multipliers.
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