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Register a new userNGC 307 and the Effects of Dark-Matter Haloes on Measuring Supermassive Black Holes in Disc Galaxies
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Peter Erwin
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We present stellar-dynamical measurements of the central supermassive black hole (SMBH) in the S0 galaxy NGC 307, using adaptive-optics IFU data from VLT-SINFONI. We investigate the effects of including dark-matter haloes as well as multiple stellar components with different mass-to-light (M/L) ratios in the dynamical modeling. Models with no halo and a single stellar component yield a relatively poor fit with a low value for the SMBH mass ($7.0 pm 1.0 times 10^{7} M_{odot}$) and a high stellar M/L ratio (K-band M/L = $1.3 pm 0.1$). Adding a halo produces a much better fit, with a significantly larger SMBH mass ($2.0 pm 0.5 times 10^{8} M_{odot}$) and a lower M/L ratio ($1.1 pm 0.1$). A model with no halo but with separate bulge and disc components produces a similarly good fit, with a slightly larger SMBH mass ($3.0 pm 0.5 times 10^{8} M_{odot}$) and an identical M/L ratio for the bulge component, though the disc M/L ratio is biased high (disc M/L $ = 1.9 pm 0.1$). Adding a halo to the two-stellar-component model results in a much more plausible disc M/L ratio of $1.0 pm 0.1$, but has only a modest effect on the SMBH mass ($2.2 pm 0.6 times 10^{8} M_{odot}$) and leaves the bulge M/L ratio unchanged. This suggests that measuring SMBH masses in disc galaxies using just a single stellar component and no halo has the same drawbacks as it does for elliptical galaxies, but also that reasonably accurate SMBH masses and bulge M/L ratios can be recovered (without the added computational expense of modeling haloes) by using separate bulge and disc components.
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The energy and momentum deposited by the radiation from accretion onto the supermassive black holes (BHs) that reside at the centres of virtually all galaxies can halt or even reverse gas inflow, providing a natural mechanism for supermassive BHs to regulate their growth and to couple their properties to those of their host galaxies. However, it remains unclear whether this self-regulation occurs on the scale at which the BH is gravitationally dominant, on that of the stellar bulge, the galaxy, or that of the entire dark matter halo. To answer this question, we use self-consistent simulations of the co-evolution of the BH and galaxy populations that reproduce the observed correlations between the masses of the BHs and the properties of their host galaxies. We first confirm unambiguously that the BHs regulate their growth: the amount of energy that the BHs inject into their surroundings remains unchanged when the fraction of the accreted rest mass energy that is injected, is varied by four orders of magnitude. The BHs simply adjust their masses so as to inject the same amount of energy. We then use simulations with artificially reduced star formation rates to demonstrate explicitly that BH mass is not set by the stellar mass. Instead, we find that it is determined by the mass of the dark matter halo with a secondary dependence on the halo concentration, of the form that would be expected if the halo binding energy were the fundamental property that controls the mass of the BH. We predict that the logarithmic slope of the relation between dark matter halo mass and black hole mass is 1.55+/-0.05 and that the scatter around the mean relation in part reflects the scatter in the halo concentration-mass relation.
We generalize the Thomas-Fermi approach to galaxy structure to include self-consistently and non-linearly central supermassive black holes. This approach naturally incorporates the quantum pressure of the warm dark matter (WDM) particles and shows its full powerful and clearness in the presence of supermassive black holes (SPMHs). We find the main galaxy and central black hole magnitudes: halo radius r_h , halo mass M_h, black hole mass M_BH, velocity dispersion, phase space density, with their realistic astrophysical values, masses and sizes over a wide galaxy range. The SMBH masses arise naturally in this framework. Our extensive numerical calculations and detailed analytic resolution show that with SMBHs, both WDM regimes: classical (Boltzmann dilute) and quantum (compact) do necessarily co-exist in any galaxy: from the smaller and compact galaxies to the largest ones. The transition from the quantum to the classical region occurs precisely at the same point r_A where the chemical potential vanishes. A novel halo structure with three regions shows up: A small quantum compact core of radius r_A around the SMBH, followed by a less compact region till the BH influence radius r_i, and then for r> r_i the known halo galaxy shows up with its astrophysical size. Three representative families of galaxy plus central SMBH solutions are found and analyzed:small, medium and large galaxies having SMBH masses of 10^5, 10^7 and 10^9 M_sun respectively. A minimum galaxy size and mass ~ 10^7 M_sun larger than the one without SMBH is found. Small galaxies in the range 10^4 M_sun < M_h < 10^7 M_sun cannot harbor central SMBHs. We find novel scaling M_BH - r_h - M_h relations. The galaxy equation of state is derived: The pressure P(r) takes huge values in the SMBH vecinity and then sharply decreases entering the classical region following a local perfect gas behaviour.(Abridged)
We analyze the intriguing possibility to explain both dark mass components in a galaxy: the dark matter (DM) halo and the supermassive dark compact object lying at the center, by a unified approach in terms of a quasi-relaxed system of massive, neutral fermions in general relativity. The solutions to the mass distribution of such a model that fulfill realistic halo boundary conditions inferred from observations, develop a highly-density core supported by the fermion degeneracy pressure able to mimic massive black holes at the center of galaxies. Remarkably, these dense core-diluted halo configurations can explain the dynamics of the closest stars around Milky Ways center (SgrA*) all the way to the halo rotation curve, without spoiling the baryonic bulge-disk components, for a narrow particle mass range $mc^2 sim 10$-$10^2$~keV.
We study the relations between the mass of the central black hole (BH) $M_{rm BH}$, the dark matter halo mass $M_{rm h}$, and the stellar-to-halo mass fraction $f_starpropto M_star/M_{rm h}$ in a sample of $55$ nearby galaxies with dynamically measured $M_{rm BH}>10^6,{rm M}_odot$ and $M_{rm h}>5times10^{11},{rm M}_odot$. The main improvement with respect to previous studies is that we consider both early- and late-type systems for which $M_{rm h}$ is determined either from globular cluster dynamics or from spatially resolved rotation curves. Independently of their structural properties, galaxies in our sample build a well defined sequence in the $M_{rm BH}$-$M_{rm h}$-$f_star$ space. We find that: (i) $M_{rm h}$ and $M_{rm BH}$ strongly correlate with each other and anti-correlate with $f_star$; (ii) there is a break in the slope of the $M_{rm BH}$-$M_{rm h}$ relation at $M_{rm h}$ of $10^{12},{rm M}_odot$, and in the $f_star$-$M_{rm BH}$ relation at $M_{rm BH}$ of $sim10^7!-!10^8,{rm M}_odot$; (iii) at a fixed $M_{rm BH}$, galaxies with a larger $f_star$ tend to occupy lighter halos and to have later morphological types. We show that the observed trends can be reproduced by a simple equilibrium model in the $Lambda$CDM framework where galaxies smoothly accrete dark and baryonic matter at a cosmological rate, having their stellar and black hole build-up regulated both by the cooling of the available gas reservoir and by the negative feedback from star formation and active galactic nuclei (AGN). Feature (ii) arises as the BH population transits from a rapidly accreting phase to a more gentle and self-regulated growth, while scatter in the AGN feedback efficiency can account for feature (iii).
Measurements of the dynamical environment of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are becoming abundant and precise. We use such measurements to look for ultralight dark matter (ULDM), which is predicted to form dense cores (solitons) in the centre of galactic halos. We search for the gravitational imprint of an ULDM soliton on stellar orbits near Sgr A* and by combining stellar velocity measurements with Event Horizon Telescope imaging of M87*. Finding no positive evidence, we set limits on the soliton mass for different values of the ULDM particle mass $m$. The constraints we derive exclude the solitons predicted by a naive extrapolation of the soliton-halo relation, found in DM-only numerical simulations, for $2times10^{-20}~{rm eV}lesssim mlesssim8times10^{-19}~{rm eV}$ (from Sgr A*) and $mlesssim4times10^{-22}~{rm eV}$ (from M87*). However, we present theoretical arguments suggesting that an extrapolation of the soliton-halo relation may not be adequate: in some regions of the parameter space, the dynamical effect of the SMBH could cause this extrapolation to over-predict the soliton mass by orders of magnitude.
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