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Register a new userConstraints on Lorentz symmetry violations with Lunar Laser Ranging
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We present new constraints on Lorentz symmetry (LS) violations with lunar laser ranging (LLR). Those constraints are derived in the standard-model extension (SME) framework aiming at parameterizing any LS deviations in all sectors of physics. We restrict ourself to two sectors namely the pure gravitational sector of the minimal SME and the gravity-matter coupling. We describe the adopted method and compare our results to previous analysis based on theoretical grounds. This work constitutes the first direct experimental determination of the SME coefficients using LLR measurements.
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The standard-model extension (SME) is an effective field theory framework aiming at parametrizing any violation to the Lorentz symmetry (LS) in all sectors of physics. In this Letter, we report the first direct experimental measurement of SME coefficients performed simultaneously within two sectors of the SME framework using lunar laser ranging observations. We consider the pure gravitational sector and the classical point-mass limit in the matter sector of the minimal SME. We report no deviation from general relativity and put new realistic stringent constraints on LS violations improving up to 3 orders of magnitude previous estimations.
The possibility for Lorentz/CPT-breaking, which is motivated by unification theories, can be systematically tested within the standard-model extension framework. In the pure gravity sector, the mass dimension 5 operators produce new Lorentz and CPT-breaking terms in the 2-body equations of motion that depend on the relative velocity of the bodies. In this Letter, we report new constraints on 15 independent SME coefficients for Lorentz/CPT-violations with mass dimension 5 using lunar laser ranging. We perform a global analysis of lunar ranging data within the SME framework using more than 26,000 normal points between 1969 and 2018. We also perform a jackknife analysis in order to provide realistic estimates of the systematic uncertainties. No deviation from Lorentz/CPT symmetries is reported. In addition, when fitting simultaneously for the 15 canonical SME coefficients for Lorentz/CPT-violations, we improve up to three orders of magnitude previous post-fit constraints from radio pulsars.
We present constraints on violations of Lorentz Invariance based on Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) data. LLR measures the Earth-Moon separation by timing the round-trip travel of light between the two bodies, and is currently accurate to a few centimeters (parts in $10^{11}$ of the total distance). By analyzing archival LLR data under the Standard-Model Extension (SME) framework, we derived six observational constraints on dimensionless SME parameters that describe potential Lorentz-violation. We found no evidence for Lorentz violation at the $10^{-6}$ to $10^{-11}$ level in these parameters.
We study the impact of the limit on $|dot{G}|/G$ from Lunar Laser Ranging on nonlocal gravity, i.e. on models of the quantum effective action of gravity that include nonlocal terms relevant in the infrared, such as the RR and RT models proposed by our group, and the Deser-Woodard (DW) model. We elaborate on the analysis of Barreira et al. [1] and we confirm their findings that (under plausible assumptions such as the absence of strong backreaction from non-linear structures), the RR model is ruled out. We also show that the mechanism of perfect screening for free suggested for the DW model actually does not work and the DW model is also ruled out. In contrast, the RT model passes all phenomenological consistency tests and is still a viable candidate.
In dark energy models where a scalar field $phi$ is coupled to the Ricci scalar $R$ of the form $e^{-2Q (phi-phi_0)/M_{rm pl}}R$, where $Q$ is a coupling constant, $phi_0$ is todays value of $phi$, and $M_{rm pl}$ is the reduced Planck mass, we study how the recent Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) experiment places constraints on the nonminimal coupling from the time variation of gravitational coupling. Besides a potential of the light scalar responsible for cosmic acceleration, we take a cubic Galileon term into account to suppress fifth forces in over-density regions of the Universe. Even if the scalar-matter interaction is screened by the Vainshtein mechanism, the time variation of gravitational coupling induced by the cosmological background field $phi$ survives in the solar system. For a small Galileon coupling constant $beta_3$, there exists a kinetically driven $phi$-matter-dominated-epoch ($phi$MDE) prior to cosmic acceleration. In this case, we obtain the stringent upper limit $Q le 3.4 times 10^{-3}$ from the LLR constraint. For a large $beta_3$ without the $phi$MDE, the coupling $Q$ is not particularly bounded from above, but the cosmological Vainshtein screening strongly suppresses the time variation of $phi$ such that the dark energy equation of state $w_{rm DE}$ reaches the value close to $-1$ at high redshifts. We study the modified gravitational wave propagation induced by the nonminimal coupling to gravity and show that, under the LLR bound, the difference between the gravitational wave and luminosity distances does not exceed the order $10^{-5}$ over the redshift range $0<z<100$. In dark energy models where the Vainshtein mechanism is at work through scalar derivative self-interactions, it is difficult to probe the signature of nonminimal couplings from the observations of standard sirens.
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