No Arabic abstract
Quasar microlensing effects make it possible to measure the accretion disc sizes around distant supermassive black holes that are still well beyond the spatial resolution of contemporary instrumentation. The sizes measured with this technique appear inconsistent with the standard accretion disc model. Not only are the measured accretion disc sizes larger, but their dependence on wavelength is in most cases completely different from the predictions of the standard model. We suggest that these discrepancies may arise not from non-standard accretion disc structure or systematic errors, as it was proposed before, but rather from scattering and reprocession of the radiation of the disc. In particular, the matter falling from the gaseous torus and presumably feeding the accretion disc may at certain distances become ionized and produce an extended halo that is free from colour gradients. A simple analytical model is proposed assuming that a geometrically thick translucent inflow acts as a scattering mirror changing the apparent spatial properties of the disc. This inflow may be also identified with the broad line region or its inner parts. Such a model is able to explain the basic properties of the apparent disc sizes, primarily their large values and their shallow dependence on wavelength. The only condition required is to scatter significant portion of the luminosity of the disc. This can easily be fulfilled if the scattering inflow has large geometrical thickness and clumpy structure.
For understanding the diversity of jetted active galactic nuclei (AGN) and especially the puzzling wide range in their radio-loudness, it is important to understand what role the magnetic fields play in setting the power of relativistic jets in AGN. We have performed multi-frequency (4-24 GHz) VLBA phase-referencing observations of the radio-intermediate quasar III Zw 2 using three nearby calibrators as reference sources to estimate jet magnetic flux by measuring the core-shift effect. By combining the self-referencing core-shift of each calibrator with the phase-referencing core-shifts, we obtained an upper limit of 0.16 mas for the core-shift between 4 and 24 GHz in III Zw 2. By assuming equipartition between magnetic and particle energy densities and adopting the flux-freezing approximation, we further estimated the upper limit for both magnetic field strength and poloidal magnetic flux threading the black hole. We find that the upper limit to the measured magnetic flux is smaller by at least a factor of five compared to the value predicted by the magnetically arrested disk (MAD) model. An alternative way to derive the jet magnetic field strength from the turnover of the synchrotron spectrum leads to an even smaller upper limit. Hence, the central engine of III Zw 2 has not reached the MAD state, which could explain why it has failed to develop a powerful jet, even though the source harbours a fast-spinning black hole. However, it generates an intermittent jet, which is possibly triggered by small scale magnetic field fluctuations as predicted by the magnetic flux paradigm of Sikora & Begelman (2013). We propose here that combining black hole spin measurements with magnetic field measurements from the VLBI core-shift observations of AGN over a range of jet powers could provide a strong test for the dominant factor setting the jet power relative to the accretion power available.
In this paper, we study the sizes of quasar proximity zones with synthetic quasar absorption spectra obtained by post-processing a Cosmic Reionization On Computers (CROC) simulation. CROC simulations have both relatively large box sizes and high spacial resolution, allowing us to resolve Lyman limit systems, which are crucial for modeling the quasar absorption spectra. We find that before reionization most quasar proximity zone sizes grow steadily for $sim 10$ Myr, while after reionization they grow rapidly but only for $sim 0.1$ Myr. We also find a slow growth of $R_{rm obs}$ with decreasing turn-on redshift. In addition, we find that $sim 1-2%$ of old quasars ($30$ Myr old) display extremely small proximity zone sizes ($<1$ proper Mpc), of which the vast majority are due to the occurrence of a damped Ly$alpha$ absorber (DLA) or a Lyman limit system (LLS) along the line of sight. These DLAs and LLSs are contaminated with metal, which offers a way to distinguish them from the normal proximity zones of young quasars.
We continue our study of the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of 11 AGN at 1.5 < z < 2.2, with optical-NIR spectra, X-ray data and mid-IR photometry. In a previous paper we presented the observations and models; in this paper we explore the parameter space of these models. We first quantify uncertainties on the black hole masses (M$_{rm BH}$) and degeneracies between SED parameters. The effect of BH spin is tested, and we find that while low to moderate spin values (a$_*$ $leq$ 0.9) are compatible with the data in all cases, maximal spin (a$_*$ = 0.998) can only describe the data if the accretion disc is face-on. The outer accretion disc radii are well constrained in 8/11 objects, and are found to be a factor ~5 smaller than the self-gravity radii. We then extend our modelling campaign into the mid-IR regime with WISE photometry, adding components for the host galaxy and dusty torus. Our estimates of the host galaxy luminosities are consistent with the M$_{rm BH}$-bulge relationship, and the measured torus properties (covering factor and temperatures) are in agreement with earlier work, suggesting a predominantly silicate-based grain composition. Finally, we deconvolve the optical-NIR spectra using our SED continuum model. We claim that this is a more physically motivated approach than using empirical descriptions of the continuum such as broken power-laws. For our small sample, we verify previously noted correlations between emission linewidths and luminosities commonly used for single-epoch M$_{rm BH}$ estimates, and observe a statistically significant anti-correlation between [O III] equivalent width and AGN luminosity.
The power spectral density (PSD) of the X-ray emission variability from the accretion disc-corona region of black hole X-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei has a broken power law shape with a characteristic break time-scale. If the disc and the jet are connected, the jet variability may also contain a characteristic time-scale related to that of the disc-corona. Recent observations of the blazar Mrk 421 have confirmed the broken power law shape of the PSD of its jet X-ray variability. We model the time variability of a blazar, in which emitting particles are assumed to be accelerated by successive shock waves flowing down the jet with a varying inter-shock time-scale. We investigate the possible relation between the characteristic time-scales in the disc and jet variability based on the above model, along with mathematically and physically simulated disc variability. We find that both the PSD of the jet and disc variability may have a broken power law shape but the break time-scales are not related in general except only in systems with a small range of BH mass. The break in the jet and the disc PSD are connected to the interval between large amplitude outbursts in the jet (inter-shock time-scale) and to the viscous time-scale in the disc, respectively. In frequency bands where multiple emission processes are involved or emission is from lower energy particles, the break in the PSD may not be prominent enough for detection.
New Swift monitoring observations of the variable, radio-quiet quasar, PDS 456, are presented. A bright X-ray flare was captured in September 2018, the flux increasing by a factor of 4 and with a doubling time-scale of 2 days. From the light crossing argument, the coronal size is inferred to be about 30 gravitational radii for a black hole mass of $10^{9} {rm M}_{odot}$ and the total flare energy exceeds $10^{51}$ erg. A hardening of the X-ray emission accompanied the flare, with the photon index decreasing from $Gamma=2.2$ to $Gamma=1.7$ and back again. The flare is produced in the X-ray corona, the lack of any optical or UV variability being consistent with a constant accretion rate. Simultaneous XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations were performed, $1-3$ days after the flare peak and during the decline phase. These caught PDS 456 in a bright, bare state, where no disc wind absorption features are apparent. The hard X-ray spectrum shows a high energy roll-over, with an e-folding energy of $E_{rm fold}=51^{+11}_{-8}$ keV. The deduced coronal temperature, of $kT=13$ keV, is one of the coolest measured in any AGN and PDS 456 lies well below the predicted pair annihilation line in X-ray corona. The spectral variability, becoming softer when fainter following the flare, is consistent with models of cooling X-ray coronae. Alternatively, an increase in a non-thermal component could contribute towards the hard X-ray flare spectrum.