No Arabic abstract
Developing on a recent work on localized bubbles of ordinary relativistic fluids, we study the comparatively richer leading order surface physics of relativistic superfluids, coupled to an arbitrary stationary background metric and gauge field in $3+1$ and $2+1$ dimensions. The analysis is performed with the help of a Euclidean effective action in one lower dimension, written in terms of the superfluid Goldstone mode, the shape-field (characterizing the surface of the superfluid bubble) and the background fields. We find new terms in the ideal order constitutive relations of the superfluid surface, in both the parity-even and parity-odd sectors, with the corresponding transport coefficients entirely fixed in terms of the first order bulk transport coefficients. Some bulk transport coefficients even enter and modify the surface thermodynamics. In the process, we also evaluate the stationary first order parity-odd bulk currents in $2+1$ dimensions, which follows from four independent terms in the superfluid effective action in that sector. In the second part of the paper, we extend our analysis to stationary surfaces in $3+1$ dimensional Galilean superfluids via the null reduction of null superfluids in $4+1$ dimensions. The ideal order constitutive relations in the Galilean case also exhibit some new terms similar to their relativistic counterparts. Finally, in the relativistic context, we turn on slow but arbitrary time dependence and answer some of the key questions regarding the time-dependent dynamics of the shape-field using the second law of thermodynamics. A linearized fluctuation analysis in $2+1$ dimensions about a toy equilibrium configuration reveals some new surface modes, including parity-odd ones. Our framework can be easily applied to model more general interfaces between distinct fluid-phases.
We study a paradigmatic model in field theory where a global $U(1)$ and scale symmetries are jointly and spontaneously broken. At zero density the model has a non-compact flat direction, which at finite density needs to be slightly lifted. The resulting low-energy spectrum is composed by a standard gapless $U(1)$ Nambu-Goldstone mode and a light dilaton whose gap is determined by the chemical potential and corrected by the couplings. Even though $U(1)$ and scale symmetries commute, there is a mixing between the $U(1)$ Nambu-Goldstone and the dilaton that is crucial to recover the expected dynamics of a conformal fluid and leads to a phonon propagating at the speed of sound. The results rely solely on an accurate study of the Ward-Takahashi identities and are checked against standard fluctuation computations. We extend our results to a boosted superfluid, and comment the relevance of our findings to condensed matter applications.
We show that the correct dual hydrodynamic description of homogeneous holographic models with spontaneously broken translations must include the so-called strain pressure -- a novel transport coefficient proposed recently. Taking this new ingredient into account, we investigate the near-equilibrium dynamics of a large class of holographic models and faithfully reproduce all the hydrodynamic modes present in the quasinormal mode spectrum. Moreover, while strain pressure is characteristic of equilibrium configurations which do not minimise the free energy, we argue and show that it also affects models with no background strain, through its temperature derivatives. In summary, we provide a first complete matching between the holographic models with spontaneously broken translations and their effective hydrodynamic description.
We show that the multicomponent meson systems can be described by chiral perturbation theory. We chiefly focus on a system of two pion gases at different isospin chemical potential, deriving the general expression of the chiral Lagrangian, the ground state properties and the spectrum of the low-energy excitations. We consider two different kinds of interactions between the two meson gases: one which does not lock the two chiral symmetry groups and one which does lock them. The former is a kind of interaction that has already been discussed in mutlicomponent superfluids. The latter is perhaps more interesting, because seems to be related to an instability. Although the pressure of the system does not show any instability, we find that for sufficiently strong locking, the spectrum of one Bogolyubov mode becomes tachyonic. This unstable branch seems to indicate a transition to an inhomogeneous phase.
At leading order, the $S$-matrices in QED and gravity are known to factorise, providing unambiguous determinations of the parts divergent due to infrared contributions. The soft $S$-matrices defined in this fashion are shown to be defined entirely in terms of $2$ dimensional models on the celestial sphere, involving two real scalar fields, allowing us to express the soft $S$-matrices for real as well as virtual divergences as two dimensional correlation functions. We discuss what this means for finding holographic representations of scattering amplitudes in QED and gravity and comment on simple double copy structures that arise during the analysis.
We formulate the theory of nonlinear viscoelastic hydrodynamics of anisotropic crystals in terms of dynamical Goldstone scalars of spontaneously broken translational symmetries, under the assumption of homogeneous lattices and absence of plastic deformations. We reformulate classical elasticity effective field theory using surface calculus in which the Goldstone scalars naturally define the position of higher-dimensional crystal cores, covering both elastic and smectic crystal phases. We systematically incorporate all dissipative effects in viscoelastic hydrodynamics at first order in a long-wavelength expansion and study the resulting rheology equations. In the process, we find the necessary conditions for equilibrium states of viscoelastic materials. In the linear regime and for isotropic crystals, the theory includes the description of Kelvin-Voigt materials. Furthermore, we provide an entirely equivalent description of viscoelastic hydrodynamics as a novel theory of higher-form superfluids in arbitrary dimensions where the Goldstone scalars of partially broken generalised global symmetries play an essential role. An exact map between the two formulations of viscoelastic hydrodynamics is given. Finally, we study holographic models dual to both these formulations and map them one-to-one via a careful analysis of boundary conditions. We propose a new simple holographic model of viscoelastic hydrodynamics by adopting an alternative quantisation for the scalar fields.