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Register a new userCosmic Bell Test: Measurement Settings from Milky Way Stars
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Bells theorem states that some predictions of quantum mechanics cannot be reproduced by a local-realist theory. That conflict is expressed by Bells inequality, which is usually derived under the assumption that there are no statistical correlations between the choices of measurement settings and anything else that can causally affect the measurement outcomes. In previous experiments, this freedom of choice was addressed by ensuring that selection of measurement settings via conventional quantum random number generators was space-like separated from the entangled particle creation. This, however, left open the possibility that an unknown cause affected both the setting choices and measurement outcomes as recently as mere microseconds before each experimental trial. Here we report on a new experimental test of Bells inequality that, for the first time, uses distant astronomical sources as cosmic setting generators. In our tests with polarization-entangled photons, measurement settings were chosen using real-time observations of Milky Way stars while simultaneously ensuring locality. Assuming fair sampling for all detected photons, and that each stellar photons color was set at emission, we observe statistically significant $gtrsim 7.31 sigma$ and $gtrsim 11.93 sigma$ violations of Bells inequality with estimated $p$-values of $ lesssim 1.8 times 10^{-13}$ and $lesssim 4.0 times 10^{-33}$, respectively, thereby pushing back by $sim$600 years the most recent time by which any local-realist influences could have engineered the observed Bell violation.
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In this Letter, we present a cosmic Bell experiment with polarization-entangled photons, in which measurement settings were determined based on real-time measurements of the wavelength of photons from high-redshift quasars, whose light was emitted billions of years ago, the experiment simultaneously ensures locality. Assuming fair sampling for all detected photons and that the wavelength of the quasar photons had not been selectively altered or previewed between emission and detection, we observe statistically significant violation of Bells inequality by $9.3$ standard deviations, corresponding to an estimated $p$ value of $lesssim 7.4 times 10^{-21}$. This experiment pushes back to at least $sim 7.8$ Gyr ago the most recent time by which any local-realist influences could have exploited the freedom-of-choice loophole to engineer the observed Bell violation, excluding any such mechanism from $96%$ of the space-time volume of the past light cone of our experiment, extending from the big bang to today.
Steering, a quantum property stronger than entanglement but weaker than non-locality in the quantum correlation hierarchy, is a key resource for one-sided device-independent quantum key distribution applications, in which only one of the communicating parties is trusted. A fine-grained steering inequality was introduced in [PRA 90 050305(R) (2014)], enabling for the first time the detection of steering in all steerable two-qubit Werner states using only two measurement settings. Here we numerically and experimentally investigate this inequality for generalized Werner states and successfully detect steerability in a wide range of two-photon polarization-entangled Bell local states generated by a parametric down-conversion source.
Over the past few decades, experimental tests of Bell-type inequalities have been at the forefront of understanding quantum mechanics and its implications. These strong bounds on specific measurements on a physical system originate from some of the most fundamental concepts of classical physics - in particular that properties of an object are well defined independent of measurements (realism) and only affected by local interactions (locality). The violation of these bounds unambiguously shows that the measured system does not behave classically, void of any assumption on the validity of quantum theory. It has also found applications in quantum technologies for certifying the suitability of devices for generating quantum randomness, distributing secret keys and for quantum computing. Here we report on the violation of a Bell inequality involving a massive, macroscopic mechanical system. We create light-matter entanglement between the vibrational motion of two silicon optomechanical oscillators, each comprising approx. $10^{10}$ atoms, and two optical modes. This state allows us to violate a Bell inequality by more than 4 standard deviations, directly confirming the non-classical behavior of our optomechanical system under the fair sampling assumption.
The first stars are predicted to have formed within 200 million years after the Big Bang, initiating the cosmic dawn. A true first star has not yet been discovered, although stars with tiny amounts of elements heavier than helium (metals) have been found in the outer regions (halo) of the Milky Way. The first stars and their immediate successors should, however, preferentially be found today in the central regions (bulges) of galaxies, because they formed in the largest over-densities that grew gravitationally with time. The Milky Way bulge underwent a rapid chemical enrichment during the first 1-2 billion years, leading to a dearth of early, metal-poor stars. Here we report observations of extremely metal-poor stars in the Milky Way bulge, including one star with an iron abundance about 10,000 times lower than the solar value without noticeable carbon enhancement. We confirm that the most metal-poor bulge stars are on tight orbits around the Galactic Centre, rather than being halo stars passing through the bulge, as expected for stars formed at redshifts greater than 15. Their chemical compositions are in general similar to typical halo stars of the same metallicity although intriguing differences exist, including lower abundances of carbon.
We give the complete list of 175 facet Bell inequalities for the case where Alice and Bob each choose their measurements from a set of four binary outcome measurements. For each inequality we compute the maximum quantum violation for qubits, the resistance to noise, and the minimal detection efficiency required for closing the detection loophole with maximally entangled qubit states, in the case where both detectors have the same efficiency (symmetric case).
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