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Register a new userBaryonic acoustic oscillations from 21cm intensity mapping: the Square Kilometre Array case
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Francisco Villaescusa-Navarro
Publication date
2016
fields
Physics
and research's language is
English
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We quantitatively investigate the possibility of detecting baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAO) using single-dish 21cm intensity mapping observations in the post-reionization era. We show that the telescope beam smears out the isotropic BAO signature and, in the case of the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) instrument, makes it undetectable at redshifts $zgtrsim1$. We however demonstrate that the BAO peak can still be detected in the radial 21cm power spectrum and describe a method to make this type of measurements. By means of numerical simulations, containing the 21cm cosmological signal as well as the most relevant Galactic and extra-Galactic foregrounds and basic instrumental effect, we quantify the precision with which the radial BAO scale can be measured in the 21cm power spectrum. We systematically investigate the signal-to-noise and the precision of the recovered BAO signal as a function of cosmic variance, instrumental noise, angular resolution and foreground contamination. We find that the expected noise levels of SKA would degrade the final BAO errors by $sim5%$ with respect to the cosmic-variance limited case at low redshifts, but that the effect grows up to $sim65%$ at $zsim2-3$. Furthermore, we find that the radial BAO signature is robust against foreground systematics, and that the main effect is an increase of $sim20%$ in the final uncertainty on the standard ruler caused by the contribution of foreground residuals as well as the reduction in sky area needed to avoid high-foreground regions. We also find that it should be possible to detect the radial BAO signature with high significance in the full redshift range. We conclude that a 21cm experiment carried out by the SKA should be able to make direct measurements of the expansion rate $H(z)$ with competitive per-cent level precision on redshifts $zlesssim2.5$.
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Upcoming 21cm surveys with the SKA1-LOW telescope will enable imaging of the neutral hydrogen distribution on cosmological scales in the early Universe. These surveys are expected to generate huge imaging datasets that will encode more information than the power spectrum. This provides an alternative unique way to constrain the reionization history, which might break the degeneracy in the power spectral analysis. Using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), we create a fast estimator of the neutral fraction from the 21cm maps that are produced by our large semi-numerical simulation. Our estimator is able to efficiently recover the neutral fraction ($x_{rm HI}$) at several redshifts with a high accuracy of 99% as quantified by the coefficient of determination $R^{2}$. Adding the instrumental effects from the SKA design slightly increases the loss function, but nevertheless we are still able to recover the neutral fraction with a similar high accuracy of 98%, which is only 1 per cent less. While a weak dependence on redshift is observed, the accuracy increases rapidly with decreasing neutral fraction. This is due to the fact that the instrumental noise increases towards high redshift where the Universe is highly neutral. Our results show the promise of directly using 21cm-tomography to constrain the reionization history in a model independent way, complementing similar efforts, such as those of the optical depth measurements from the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) observations by {it Planck}.
We review how the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will address fundamental questions in cosmology, focussing on its use for neutral Hydrogen (HI) surveys. A key enabler of its unique capabilities will be large (but smart) receptors in the form of aperture arrays. We outline the likely contributions of Phase-1 of the SKA (SKA1), Phase-2 SKA (SKA2) and pathfinding activities (SKA0). We emphasise the important role of cross-correlation between SKA HI results and those at other wavebands such as: surveys for objects in the EoR with VISTA and the SKA itself; and huge optical and near-infrared redshift surveys, such as those with HETDEX and Euclid. We note that the SKA will contribute in other ways to cosmology, e.g. through gravitational lensing and $H_{0}$ studies.
Detections of the cross correlation signal between the 21cm signal during reionization and high-redshift Lyman Alpha emitters (LAEs) are subject to observational uncertainties which mainly include systematics associated with radio interferometers and LAE selection. These uncertainties can be reduced by increasing the survey volume and/or the survey luminosity limit, i.e. the faintest detectable Lyman Alpha (Ly$alpha$) luminosity. We use our model of high-redshift LAEs and the underlying reionization state to compute the uncertainties of the 21cm-LAE cross correlation function at $zsimeq6.6$ for observations with SKA1-Low and LAE surveys with $Delta z=0.1$ for three different values of the average IGM ionization state ($langlechi_mathrm{HI}rangle$=0.1, 0.25, 0.5). At $zsimeq6.6$, we find SILVERRUSH type surveys, with a field of view of 21 deg$^2$ and survey luminosity limits of $L_alphageq7.9times10^{42}$erg~s$^{-1}$, to be optimal to distinguish between an inter-galactic medium (IGM) that is 50%, 25% and 10% neutral, while surveys with smaller fields of view and lower survey luminosity limits, such as the 5 and 10 deg$^2$ surveys with WFIRST, can only discriminate between a 50% and 10% neutral IGM.
We review the current status of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) by outlining the science drivers for its Phase-1 (SKA1) and setting out the timeline for the key decisions and milestones on the way to the planned start of its construction in 2016. We explain how Phase-2 SKA (SKA2) will transform the research scope of the SKA infrastructure, placing it amongst the great astronomical observatories and survey instruments of the future, and opening up new areas of discovery, many beyond the confines of conventional astronomy.
[Abridged] We study the abundance and clustering properties of HI at redshifts $zleqslant5$ using TNG100, a large state-of-the-art magneto-hydrodynamic simulation of a 75 Mpc/h box size. We show that most of the HI lies within dark matter halos and quantify the average HI mass hosted by halos of mass M at redshift z. We find that only halos with circular velocities larger than $simeq$ 30 km/s contain HI. While the density profiles of HI exhibit a large halo-to-halo scatter, the mean profiles are universal across mass and redshift. The HI in low-mass halos is mostly located in the central galaxy, while in massive halos is concentrated in the satellites. We show that the HI and matter density probability distribution functions differ significantly. Our results point out that for small halos the HI bulk velocity goes in the same direction and has the same magnitude as the halo peculiar velocity, while in large halos differences show up. We find that halo HI velocity dispersion follows a power-law with halo mass. We find a complicated HI bias, with HI becoming non-linear already at $k=0.3$ h/Mpc at $zgtrsim3$. Our simulation reproduces the DLAs bias value from observations. We find that the clustering of HI can be accurately reproduced by perturbative methods. We identify a new secondary bias, by showing that the clustering of halos depends not only on mass but also on HI content. We compute the amplitude of the HI shot-noise and find that it is small at all redshifts. We study the clustering of HI in redshift-space, and show that linear theory can explain the ratio between the monopoles in redshift- and real-space down to small scales at high redshift. We find that the amplitude of the Fingers-of-God effect is larger for HI than for matter. We point out that accurate 21 cm maps can be created from N-body or approximate simulations rather than full hydrodynamic simulations.
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