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Register a new userSpin drift and diffusion in one- and two-subband helical systems
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The theory of spin drift and diffusion in two-dimensional electron gases is developed in terms of a random walk model incorporating Rashba, linear and cubic Dresselhaus, and intersubband spin-orbit couplings. The additional subband degree of freedom introduces new characteristics to the persistent spin helix (PSH) dynamics. As has been described before, for negligible intersubband scattering rates, the sum of the magnetization of independent subbands leads to a checkerboard pattern of crossed PSHs with long spin lifetime. For strong intersubband scattering we model the fast subband dynamics as a new random variable, yielding a dynamics set by averaged spin-orbit couplings of both subbands. In this case the crossed PSH becomes isotropic, rendering circular (Bessel) patterns with short spin lifetime. Additionally, a finite drift velocity breaks the symmetry between parallel and transverse directions, distorting and dragging the patterns. We find that the maximum spin lifetime shifts away from the PSH regime with increasing drift velocity. We present approximate analytical solutions for these cases and define their domain of validity. Effects of magnetic fields and initial package broadening are also discussed.
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We study the optically induced spin polarization, spin dephasing and diffusion in several high-mobility two-dimensional electron systems, which are embedded in GaAs quantum wells grown on (110)-oriented substrates. The experimental techniques comprise a two-beam magneto-optical spectroscopy system and polarization-resolved photoluminescence. Under weak excitation conditions at liquid-helium temperatures, we observe spin lifetimes above 100 ns in one of our samples, which are reduced with increasing excitation density due to additional, hole-mediated, spin dephasing. The spin dynamic is strongly influenced by the carrier density and the ionization of remote donors, which can be controlled by temperature and above-barrier illumination. The absolute value of the average electron spin polarization in the samples is directly observable in the circular polarization of photoluminescence collected under circularly polarized excitation and reaches values of about 5 percent. Spin diffusion is studied by varying the distance between pump and probe beams in micro-spectroscopy experiments. We observe diffusion lengths above 100 $mu$m and, at high excitation intensity, a nonmonotonic dependence of the spin polarization on the pump-probe distance.
By measuring the thermoelectric effect in high-mobility quantum wells with two occupied subbands in perpendicular magnetic field, we detect magnetophonon oscillations due to interaction of electrons with acoustic phonons. These oscillations contain specific features identified as combined resonances caused by intersubband phonon-assisted transitions of electrons in the presence of Landau quantization. The quantum theory of phonon-drag magnetothermoelectric effect, generalized to the case of multi-subband occupation, describes our experimental findings.
Electrically generated spin accumulation due to the spin Hall effect is imaged in n-GaAs channels using Kerr rotation microscopy, focusing on its spatial distribution and time-averaged behavior in a magnetic field. Spatially-resolved imaging reveals that spin accumulation observed in transverse arms develops due to longitudinal drift of spin polarization produced at the sample boundaries. One- and two-dimensional drift-diffusion modeling is used to explain these features, providing a more complete understanding of observations of spin accumulation and the spin Hall effect.
We have studied spin dephasing and spin diffusion in a high-mobility two-dimensional electron system, embedded in a GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well grown in the [110] direction, by a two-beam Hanle experiment. For very low excitation density, we observe spin lifetimes of more than 16 ns, which rapidly decrease as the pump intensity is increased. Two mechanisms contribute to this decrease: the optical excitation produces holes, which lead to a decay of electron spin via the Bir-Aranov-Pikus mechanism and recombination with spin-polarized electrons. By scanning the distance between the pump and probe beams, we observe the diffusion of spin-polarized electrons over more than 20 microns. For high pump intensity, the spin polarization in a distance of several microns from the pump beam is larger than at the pump spot, due to the reduced influence of photogenerated holes.
We report on numerical simulations of the intrinsic spin Hall effect in semiconductor quantum wires as a function of the Rashba spin-orbit coupling strength, the electron density, and the width of the wire. We find that the strength of the spin Hall effect does not depend monotonically on these parameters, but instead exhibits a local maximum. This behavior is explained by considering the dispersion relation of the electrons in the wire, which is characterized by the anticrossing of adjacent subbands. These results lead to a simple estimate of the optimal wire width for spin Hall transport experiments, and simulations indicate that this optimal width is independent of disorder. The anticrossing of adjacent subbands is related to a quantum phase transition in momentum space, and is accompanied by an enhancement of the Berry curvature and subsequently in the magnitude of the spin Hall effect.
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