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Register a new userDistant Solar System Objects identified in the Pan-STARRS1 survey
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We present a method to identify distant solar system objects in long-term wide-field asteroid survey data, and conduct a search for them in the Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) image data acquired from 2010 to mid-2015. We demonstrate that our method is able to find multi-opposition orbital links, and we present the resulting orbital distributions which consist of 154 Centaurs, 255 classical Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs), 121 resonant TNOs, 89 Scattered Disc Objects (SDOs) and 10 comets. Our results show more than half of these are new discoveries, including a newly discovered 19th magnitude TNO. Our identified objects do not show clustering in their argument of perihelia, which if present, might support the existence of a large unknown planetary-sized object in the outer solar system.
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The Pan-STARRS1 survey is collecting multi-epoch, multi-color observations of the sky north of declination -30 deg to unprecedented depths. These data are being photometrically and astrometrically calibrated and will serve as a reference for many other purposes. In this paper we present our determination of the Pan-STARRS photometric system: gp1, rp1, ip1, zp1, yp1, and wp1. The Pan-STARRS photometric system is fundamentally based on the HST Calspec spectrophotometric observations, which in turn are fundamentally based on models of white dwarf atmospheres. We define the Pan-STARRS magnitude system, and describe in detail our measurement of the system passbands, including both the instrumental sensitivity and atmospheric transmission functions. Byproducts, including transformations to other photometric systems, galactic extinction, and stellar locus are also provided. We close with a discussion of remaining systematic errors.
We present a robust method to estimate the redshift of galaxies using Pan-STARRS1 photometric data. Our method is an adaptation of the one proposed by Beck et al. (2016) for the SDSS Data Release 12. It uses a training set of 2313724 galaxies for which the spectroscopic redshift is obtained from SDSS, and magnitudes and colours are obtained from the Pan-STARRS1 Data Release 2 survey. The photometric redshift of a galaxy is then estimated by means of a local linear regression in a 5-dimensional magnitude and colour space. Our method achieves an average bias of $overline{Delta z_{rm norm}}=-2.01 times 10^{-4}$, a standard deviation of $sigma(Delta z_{rm norm})=0.0298$, and an outlier rate of $P_o=4.32%$ when cross-validating on the training set. Even though the relation between each of the Pan-STARRS1 colours and the spectroscopic redshifts is noisier than for SDSS colours, the results obtained by our method are very close to those yielded by SDSS data. The proposed method has the additional advantage of allowing the estimation of photometric redshifts on a larger portion of the sky ($sim 3/4$ vs $sim 1/3$). The training set and the code implementing this method are publicly available at www.testaddress.com.
Pan-STARRS1 has carried out a set of distinct synoptic imaging sky surveys including the $3pi$ Steradian Survey and the Medium Deep Survey in 5 bands ($grizy_{P1}$). The mean 5$sigma$ point source limiting sensitivities in the stacked 3$pi$ Steradian Survey in $grizy_{P1}$ are (23.3, 23.2, 23.1, 22.3, 21.4) respectively. The upper bound on the systematic uncertainty in the photometric calibration across the sky is 7-12 millimag depending on the bandpass. The systematic uncertainty of the astrometric calibration using the Gaia frame comes from a comparison of the results with Gaia: the standard deviation of the mean and median residuals ($ Delta ra, Delta dec $) are (2.3, 1.7) milliarcsec, and (3.1, 4.8) milliarcsec respectively. The Pan-STARRS system and the design of the PS1 surveys are described and an overview of the resulting image and catalog data products and their basic characteristics are described together with a summary of important results. The images, reduced data products, and derived data products from the Pan-STARRS1 surveys are available to the community from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST) at STScI.
The Pan-STARRS1 survey is currently obtaining imaging in 5 bands (grizy) for the $3pi$ steradian survey, one of the largest optical surveys ever conducted. The finished survey will have spatially varying depth, due to the survey strategy. This paper presents a method to correct galaxy number counts and galaxy clustering for this potential systematic based on a simplified signal to noise measurement. A star and galaxy separation method calibrated using realistic synthetic images is also presented, along with an approach to mask bright stars. By using our techniques on a ~69 sq. degree region of science verification data this paper shows PS1 measurements of the two point angular correlation function as a function of apparent magnitude agree with measurements from deeper, smaller surveys. Clustering measurements appear reliable down to a magnitude limit of rps<22.5. Additionally, stellar contamination and false detection issues are discussed and quantified. This work is the second of two papers which pave the way for the exploitation of the full $3pi$ survey for studies of large scale structure.
We use seven years worth of observations from the Catalina Sky Survey and the Siding Spring Survey covering most of the northern and southern hemisphere at galactic latitudes higher than 20 degrees to search for serendipitously imaged moving objects in the outer solar system. These slowly moving objects would appear as stationary transients in these fast cadence asteroids surveys, so we develop methods to discover objects in the outer solar system using individual observations spaced by months, rather than spaced by hours, as is typically done. While we independently discover 8 known bright objects in the outer solar system, the faintest having $V=19.8pm0.1$, no new objects are discovered. We find that the survey is nearly 100% efficient at detecting objects beyond 25 AU for $Vlesssim 19.1$ ($Vlesssim18.6$ in the southern hemisphere) and that the probability that there is one or more remaining outer solar system object of this brightness left to be discovered in the unsurveyed regions of the galactic plane is approximately 32%.
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