No Arabic abstract
Extensive and independent observations of Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) SN 2013dy are presented, including a larger set of $UBVRI$ photometry and optical spectra from a few days before the peak brightness to $sim$ 200 days after explosion, and ultraviolet (UV) photometry spanning from $t approx -10$ days to $t approx +15$ days referring to the $B$ band maximum. The peak brightness (i.e., $M_{rm B} = -19.65 pm 0.40$ mag, $L_{rm max} = [1.95 pm 0.55] times 10^{43}$ erg s$^{-1}$) and the mass of synthesised $^{56}$Ni (i.e., $M$($^{56}$Ni) = 0.90 $pm$ 0.26 M$_{odot}$) are calculated, and they conform to the expectation for a SN Ia with a slow decline rate (i.e., $Delta m_{15}(B)$ = 0.90 $pm$ 0.03 mag, Phillips 1993). However, the near infrared (NIR) brightness of this SN (i.e., $M_{rm H} = -17.33 pm 0.30$ mag) is at least 1.0 mag fainter than usual. Besides, spectroscopy classification reveals that SN 2013dy resides on the border of core normal and shallow silicon subclasses in the Branch et al. (2009) classification scheme, or on the border of the normal velocity SNe Ia and 91T/99aa-like events in the Wang et al. (2009a) system. These suggest that SN 2013dy is a slow-declining SN Ia located on the transitional region of nominal spectroscopic subclasses and might not be a typical normal sample of SNe Ia.
We present the optical (UBVRI) and ultraviolet (Swift-UVOT) photometry, and optical spectroscopy of Type Ia supernova SN 2017hpa. We study broadband UV+optical light curves and low resolution spectroscopy spanning from $-13.8$ to $+108$~d from the maximum light in $B$-band. The photometric analysis indicates that SN 2017hpa is a normal type Ia with $Delta m_{B}(15) = 0.98pm0.16$ mag and $M_{B}=-19.45pm0.15$ mag at a distance modulus of $mu = 34.08pm0.09$ mag. The $(uvw1-uvv)$ colour evolution shows that SN 2017hpa falls in the NUV-blue group. The $(B-V)$ colour at maximum is bluer in comparison to normal type Ia supernovae. Spectroscopic analysis shows that the Si II 6355 absorption feature evolves rapidly with a velocity gradient, $dot{v}=128pm 7$ km s$^{-1}$ d$^{-1}$. The pre-maximum phase spectra show prominent C II 6580 {AA} absorption feature. The C II 6580 {AA} line velocity measured from the observed spectra is lower than the velocity of Si II 6355 {AA}, which could be due to a line of sight effect. The synthetic spectral fits to the pre-maximum spectra using syn++ indicate the presence of a high velocity component in the Si II absorption, in addition to a photospheric component. Fitting the observed spectrum with the spectral synthesis code TARDIS, the mass of unburned C in the ejecta is estimated to be $sim 0.019$~$M_{odot}$. The peak bolometric luminosity is $L^{bol}_{peak} = 1.43times10^{43}$ erg s$^{-1}$. The radiation diffusion model fit to the bolometric light curve indicates $0.61pm0.02$ $M_odot$ of $^{56}$Ni is synthesized in the explosion.
The Type~Ia supernova (SN~Ia) 2017cfd in IC~0511 (redshift z = 0.01209+- 0.00016$) was discovered by the Lick Observatory Supernova Search 1.6+-0.7 d after the fitted first-light time (FFLT; 15.2 d before B-band maximum brightness). Photometric and spectroscopic follow-up observations show that SN~2017cfd is a typical, normal SN~Ia with a peak luminosity MB ~ -19.2+-0.2 mag, Delta m15(B) = 1.16 mag, and reached a B-band maximum ~16.8 d after the FFLT. We estimate there to be moderately strong host-galaxy extinction (A_V = 0.39 +- 0.03 mag) based on MLCS2k2 fitting. The spectrum reveals a Si~II lambda 6355 velocity of ~11,200 kms at peak brightness. The analysis shows that SN~2017cfd is a very typical, normal SN Ia in nearly every aspect. SN~2017cfd was discovered very young, with multiband data taken starting 2 d after the FFLT, making it a valuable complement to the currently small sample (fewer than a dozen) of SNe~Ia with color data at such early times. We find that its intrinsic early-time (B - V)0 color evolution belongs to the blue population rather than to the distinct red population. Using the photometry, we constrain the companion star radius to be < 2.5 R_sun, thus ruling out a red-giant companion.
Radiative transfer studies of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) hold the promise of constraining both the time-dependent density profile of the SN ejecta and its stratification by element abundance which, in turn, may discriminate between different explosion mechanisms and progenitor classes. Here we present a detailed analysis of Hubble Space Telescope ultraviolet (UV) and ground-based optical spectra and light curves of the SN Ia SN 2010jn (PTF10ygu). SN 2010jn was discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) 15 days before maximum light, allowing us to secure a time-series of four UV spectra at epochs from -11 to +5 days relative to B-band maximum. The photospheric UV spectra are excellent diagnostics of the iron-group abundances in the outer layers of the ejecta, particularly those at very early times. Using the method of Abundance Tomography we have derived iron-group abundances in SN 2010jn with a precision better than in any previously studied SN Ia. Optimum fits to the data can be obtained if burned material is present even at high velocities, including significant mass fractions of iron-group elements. This is consistent with the slow decline rate (or high stretch) of the light curve of SN 2010jn, and consistent with the results of delayed-detonation models. Early-phase UV spectra and detailed time-dependent series of further SNe Ia offer a promising probe of the nature of the SN Ia mechanism.
The very nearby Type Ia supernova 2014J in M82 offers a rare opportunity to study the physics of thermonuclear supernovae at extremely late phases ($gtrsim$800 days). Using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), we obtained six epochs of high precision photometry for SN 2014J from 277 days to 1181 days past the $B-$band maximum light. The reprocessing of electrons and X-rays emitted by the radioactive decay chain $^{57}$Co$rightarrow ^{57}$Fe are needed to explain the significant flattening of both the $F606W$-band and the pseudo-bolometric light curves. The flattening confirms previous predictions that the late-time evolution of type Ia supernova luminosities requires additional energy input from the decay of $^{57}$Co (Seitenzahl et al. 2009). By assuming the $F606W$-band luminosity scales with the bolometric luminosity at $sim$500 days after the $B-$band maximum light, a mass ratio $^{57}$Ni/$^{56}$Ni$sim$0.065$_{-0.004}^{+0.005}$ is required. This mass ratio is roughly $sim$3 times the solar ratio and favors a progenitor white dwarf with a mass near the Chandrasekhar limit. A similar fit using the constructed pseudo-bolometric luminosity gives a mass ratio $^{57}$Ni/$^{56}$Ni$sim$0.066$_{-0.008}^{+0.009}$. Astrometric tests based on the multi-epoch HST ACS/WFC images reveal no significant circumstellar light echoes in between 0.3 pc and 100 pc (Yang et al. 2017) from the supernova.
We present an analysis of ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared observations of the fast-declining Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) 2007on and 2011iv, hosted by the Fornax cluster member NGC 1404. The B-band light curves of SN 2007on and SN 2011iv are characterised by dm_15(B) decline-rate values of 1.96 mag and 1.77 mag, respectively. Although they have similar decline rates, their peak B- and H-band magnitudes differ by ~0.60 mag and ~0.35 mag, respectively. After correcting for the luminosity vs. decline rate and the luminosity vs. colour relations, the peak B-band and H-band light curves provide distances that differ by ~14% and ~9%, respectively. These findings serve as a cautionary tale for the use of transitional SNe Ia located in early-type hosts in the quest to measure cosmological parameters. Interestingly, even though SN 2011iv is brighter and bluer at early times, by three weeks past maximum and extending over several months, its B-V colour is 0.12 mag redder than that of SN 2007on. To reconcile this unusual behaviour, we turn to guidance from a suite of spherical one-dimensional Chandrasekhar-mass delayed-detonation explosion models. In this context, 56Ni production depends on both the so-called transition density and the central density of the progenitor white dwarf. To first order, the transition density drives the luminosity-width relation, while the central density is an important second-order parameter. Within this context, the differences in the B-V color evolution along the Lira regime suggests the progenitor of SN~2011iv had a higher central density than SN~2007on.